Social Sustainability
#4Key Findings
Finland falls into the top group internationally (rank 4) in the area of economic sustainability.
Education system responsibilities are shared between central and local authorities. Schools have rigorous standards and well-trained teachers, and students’ test scores are high. Disparities in student performance by gender and region have increased in recent years.
The welfare state ensures universal social protection and high well-being. Social assistance guarantees a minimum income, and high-quality healthcare is accessible to all residents. Migrant integration has presented challenges, and right-wing political forces have periodically incited anti-immigrant sentiment.
Gender equality is considered a strength, but a significant gender pay gap persists. Employment rates among women are high, but childcare responsibilities still fall largely to women. Pensions provide sufficient incomes for all recipients to meet basic needs.
Education system responsibilities are shared between central and local authorities. Schools have rigorous standards and well-trained teachers, and students’ test scores are high. Disparities in student performance by gender and region have increased in recent years.
The welfare state ensures universal social protection and high well-being. Social assistance guarantees a minimum income, and high-quality healthcare is accessible to all residents. Migrant integration has presented challenges, and right-wing political forces have periodically incited anti-immigrant sentiment.
Gender equality is considered a strength, but a significant gender pay gap persists. Employment rates among women are high, but childcare responsibilities still fall largely to women. Pensions provide sufficient incomes for all recipients to meet basic needs.
Graph View
Graph View
To what extent do policies and regulations in the education system hinder or facilitate high-quality education and training?
10
9
9
Education policies are fully aligned with the goal of ensuring high-quality education and training.
8
7
6
7
6
Education policies are largely aligned with the goal of ensuring high-quality education and training.
5
4
3
4
3
Education policies are only somewhat aligned with the goal of ensuring high-quality education and training.
2
1
1
Education policies are not at all aligned with the goal of ensuring high-quality education and training.
Governance of the education system in Finland is shared between central and local authorities. The Finnish government defines and sets educational priorities. Meanwhile, municipalities maintain and support schools and daycare centers and have significant responsibility for organizing education, defining educational curricula, funding and hiring personnel. The policies and regulations ensure the provision of necessary financial and human resources, even during times of economic crisis or government transitions. The provision of education services has become an even more important task for the municipalities after they lost the mandate to provide health and social care services beginning in 2023.
The Finnish higher education system is centralized. It consists of 13 universities and 22 universities of applied sciences (UAS) that operate under the aegis of the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture.
The policies and regulations in the education system, by and large, facilitate high-quality education and training.
A national Education and Research Development Plan outlines education policy priorities every four years and guides the government in preparing and implementing education policies. Social and political consensus on the value of education has provided stability for the structure and key features of the education system. Decisions in schools are made either by the local government or the school, depending on how decision-making is organized in the municipality.
Centered on the principle of lifelong learning, education policy in Finland promotes and maintains high educational standards. Teachers are well-trained, and teaching is still considered an attractive profession. In comparison with most other countries, teachers in Finland enjoy a high level of autonomy and are not formally evaluated, and there are very few national tests for students. This facilitates the recruitment of highly skilled educators.
In recent years, the integration of pupils with special needs into regular classes, an increase in bureaucratic burdens due to reporting requirements, and overall cuts in education budgets have led to more dissatisfaction and exhaustion among teachers at the primary and secondary levels. Likewise, a persistent lack of personnel resources in early education in some regions – such as the capital area – endangers the quality of early education.
By and large, Finland’s education system has proved successful and, in recent years, even ranked at the top of the OECD’s Program for International Student Assessment (PISA). However, while Finland remains among the top performers, the country’s ranking appears to be slipping as gender and regional disparities in student performance grow significantly.
The Education and Research Development Plan, revised every four years by the government, directs the implementation of education and research policy goals as stated in the government program. The plan ensures the continuous monitoring of labor market demands, enabling the adaptation of education and training programs – with different effects in different regions – to provide relevant hands-on skills.
Finland’s expenditure on educational institutions as a percentage of GDP (for all education levels combined) is above the OECD average, and the country has one of the highest shares of public funding among OECD countries (OECD 2015). The government’s education policy facilitates learning for everyone and allocates resources effectively across different levels of education (e.g., preschool, primary, secondary and tertiary). In Finland, students complete nine years of basic education (comprehensive school), with the system focusing on equity and preventing low achievement. At the upper-secondary level, students can choose between general education and vocational education and training options, either of which can lead to tertiary education.
Compulsory education has recently been extended to encompass the ages from six to 18, from the previous range of ages seven to 16. Attainment rates in upper-secondary and tertiary education exceed the OECD average, and Finland boasts one of the OECD’s highest enrollment rates in upper-secondary vocational education and training (VET) programs. School dropout rates in Finland are lower than in other EU member states, but rates among people with an immigrant background exceed the national average. The absence of tuition fees, coupled with universal access to study grants (which cover living and housing costs) and student loans, ensures equitable access to education. However, children of parents who themselves attended higher education institutions and have above-average incomes are still more likely to pursue university studies.
Adults (16- to 65-year-olds) in Finland were among the most skilled of any such group in any participating country in the Survey of Adult Skills, with younger adults (16- to 24-year-olds) scoring higher than all adults in Finland and young adults in other countries. It is fair to say that these individuals have access to lifelong learning opportunities.
Education for sustainable development is well integrated into the curricula of all school levels.
Citations:
OECD. 2015. Education Policy Outlook 2015: Making Reforms Happen. OECD Publishing. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264225442-en
The Finnish higher education system is centralized. It consists of 13 universities and 22 universities of applied sciences (UAS) that operate under the aegis of the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture.
The policies and regulations in the education system, by and large, facilitate high-quality education and training.
A national Education and Research Development Plan outlines education policy priorities every four years and guides the government in preparing and implementing education policies. Social and political consensus on the value of education has provided stability for the structure and key features of the education system. Decisions in schools are made either by the local government or the school, depending on how decision-making is organized in the municipality.
Centered on the principle of lifelong learning, education policy in Finland promotes and maintains high educational standards. Teachers are well-trained, and teaching is still considered an attractive profession. In comparison with most other countries, teachers in Finland enjoy a high level of autonomy and are not formally evaluated, and there are very few national tests for students. This facilitates the recruitment of highly skilled educators.
In recent years, the integration of pupils with special needs into regular classes, an increase in bureaucratic burdens due to reporting requirements, and overall cuts in education budgets have led to more dissatisfaction and exhaustion among teachers at the primary and secondary levels. Likewise, a persistent lack of personnel resources in early education in some regions – such as the capital area – endangers the quality of early education.
By and large, Finland’s education system has proved successful and, in recent years, even ranked at the top of the OECD’s Program for International Student Assessment (PISA). However, while Finland remains among the top performers, the country’s ranking appears to be slipping as gender and regional disparities in student performance grow significantly.
The Education and Research Development Plan, revised every four years by the government, directs the implementation of education and research policy goals as stated in the government program. The plan ensures the continuous monitoring of labor market demands, enabling the adaptation of education and training programs – with different effects in different regions – to provide relevant hands-on skills.
Finland’s expenditure on educational institutions as a percentage of GDP (for all education levels combined) is above the OECD average, and the country has one of the highest shares of public funding among OECD countries (OECD 2015). The government’s education policy facilitates learning for everyone and allocates resources effectively across different levels of education (e.g., preschool, primary, secondary and tertiary). In Finland, students complete nine years of basic education (comprehensive school), with the system focusing on equity and preventing low achievement. At the upper-secondary level, students can choose between general education and vocational education and training options, either of which can lead to tertiary education.
Compulsory education has recently been extended to encompass the ages from six to 18, from the previous range of ages seven to 16. Attainment rates in upper-secondary and tertiary education exceed the OECD average, and Finland boasts one of the OECD’s highest enrollment rates in upper-secondary vocational education and training (VET) programs. School dropout rates in Finland are lower than in other EU member states, but rates among people with an immigrant background exceed the national average. The absence of tuition fees, coupled with universal access to study grants (which cover living and housing costs) and student loans, ensures equitable access to education. However, children of parents who themselves attended higher education institutions and have above-average incomes are still more likely to pursue university studies.
Adults (16- to 65-year-olds) in Finland were among the most skilled of any such group in any participating country in the Survey of Adult Skills, with younger adults (16- to 24-year-olds) scoring higher than all adults in Finland and young adults in other countries. It is fair to say that these individuals have access to lifelong learning opportunities.
Education for sustainable development is well integrated into the curricula of all school levels.
Citations:
OECD. 2015. Education Policy Outlook 2015: Making Reforms Happen. OECD Publishing. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264225442-en
To what extent does the current policy approach in the education system hinder or facilitate equitable access to high-quality education and training?
10
9
9
Education policies are fully aligned with the goal of ensuring equitable access to high-quality education and training.
8
7
6
7
6
Education policies are largely aligned with the goal of ensuring equitable access to high-quality education and training.
5
4
3
4
3
Education policies are only somewhat aligned with the goal of ensuring equitable access to high-quality education and training.
2
1
1
Education policies are not at all aligned with the goal of ensuring equitable access to high-quality education and training.
By law, all people in Finland must have equal access to high-quality education and training. Basic education is free, and municipalities are responsible for providing educational services to all local children.
The Education Policy Report by the Ministry of Education and Culture (2021) sets the course for inclusive and high-quality education in Finland by 2040, addressing the challenges posed by growing skill requirements and shrinking age cohorts. It delineates the envisioned state of education and research in the 2040s, along with the requisite changes in resources, structures and guidance.
The key objectives of education policy are to elevate the quality of education and expand competences across the population, reduce learning outcome disparities, enhance educational equality, and position Finland as an internationally appealing hub for study, research and investment.
The government’s goal, as outlined in the 2021 Education Policy Report, is for Finland to have a cultural and educational foundation by 2040 rooted in effective and high-quality education, research and culture. This foundation is intended to form the bedrock of international competitiveness and citizen well-being. The report envisions improved educational equity and accessibility by 2040, positioning Finland’s education and competence levels among the world’s best. Education and research play pivotal roles in achieving broader societal sustainable development goals.
Key objectives and measures up to 2040 include addressing societal challenges such as demographic changes, regional disparities and technological advancements. The program emphasizes continuous learning and collaboration between work and competences with the aim of protecting individuals and providing a competitive edge for companies. Additionally, the report aims to eventually make early childhood education and care free of charge for a minimum of four hours per day.
Traditionally, the education system in Finland has facilitated equitable access to high-quality education and training. However, Finland has not been particularly successful in providing access to high-quality education for all migrant groups. This concern also extends to equal access to early childhood development, care and preprimary education.
Citations:
Ministry of Education and Culture. 2021. “Education Policy Report: Equitable Education of High Quality Essential for Growing Skills Requirements and Shrinking Age Cohorts in Finland.” https://okm.fi/en/-/education-policy-report-equitable-education-of-high-quality-essential-for-growing-skills-requirements-and-shrinking-age-cohorts-in-finland
The Education Policy Report by the Ministry of Education and Culture (2021) sets the course for inclusive and high-quality education in Finland by 2040, addressing the challenges posed by growing skill requirements and shrinking age cohorts. It delineates the envisioned state of education and research in the 2040s, along with the requisite changes in resources, structures and guidance.
The key objectives of education policy are to elevate the quality of education and expand competences across the population, reduce learning outcome disparities, enhance educational equality, and position Finland as an internationally appealing hub for study, research and investment.
The government’s goal, as outlined in the 2021 Education Policy Report, is for Finland to have a cultural and educational foundation by 2040 rooted in effective and high-quality education, research and culture. This foundation is intended to form the bedrock of international competitiveness and citizen well-being. The report envisions improved educational equity and accessibility by 2040, positioning Finland’s education and competence levels among the world’s best. Education and research play pivotal roles in achieving broader societal sustainable development goals.
Key objectives and measures up to 2040 include addressing societal challenges such as demographic changes, regional disparities and technological advancements. The program emphasizes continuous learning and collaboration between work and competences with the aim of protecting individuals and providing a competitive edge for companies. Additionally, the report aims to eventually make early childhood education and care free of charge for a minimum of four hours per day.
Traditionally, the education system in Finland has facilitated equitable access to high-quality education and training. However, Finland has not been particularly successful in providing access to high-quality education for all migrant groups. This concern also extends to equal access to early childhood development, care and preprimary education.
Citations:
Ministry of Education and Culture. 2021. “Education Policy Report: Equitable Education of High Quality Essential for Growing Skills Requirements and Shrinking Age Cohorts in Finland.” https://okm.fi/en/-/education-policy-report-equitable-education-of-high-quality-essential-for-growing-skills-requirements-and-shrinking-age-cohorts-in-finland
Graph View
To what extent do existing institutions ensure equal access to essential services and basic income support for those in need?
10
9
9
Existing essential public services and basic income support are fully aligned with the goal of ensuring equal access for those in need.
8
7
6
7
6
Existing essential public services and basic income support are largely aligned with the goal of ensuring equal access for those in need.
5
4
3
4
3
Existing essential public services and basic income support are only somewhat aligned with the goal of ensuring equal access for those in need.
2
1
1
Existing essential public services and basic income support are not at all aligned with the goal of ensuring equal access for those in need.
Finland is one of the countries that have adopted the Nordic welfare state model, known for its low levels of poverty and high levels of well-being. The Finnish welfare state is recognized for its universal and comprehensive approach to social protection. Finland has a long-standing tradition of strongly egalitarian policies. On average, residents of Finland consistently rank among the happiest people in the world.
However, income and wealth inequality have increased in recent years, thereby increasing social inequality. Social inequality affects people in many ways. It is manifested in poverty and prolonged need for social assistance. While social policy largely prevents poverty and the income-redistribution system has proven to be one of the most efficient in the European Union, pockets of relative poverty and social exclusion persist.
Social assistance is a minimum income guarantee scheme that ensures a minimum income level for each household in need. Basic social assistance can be provided to individuals or families residing in Finland whose income and assets do not cover their essential daily needs, such as food and medicine. This means-tested support, aimed as a last resort to combat poverty and social exclusion, is available for all households, not only for people of working age.
Basic social assistance ensures a minimum standard of living for individuals and their dependents when they lack sufficient financial support. All forms of income and assets available to applicants and their families, including any savings in a bank account, affect basic social assistance. Other social security benefits are counted as income. Before applying for basic social assistance, claimants must determine whether they might be entitled to other social benefits, including unemployment benefits, housing benefits, benefits for parents or a sickness allowance (Social Insurance Institution of Finland (KELA) 2020). Basic social assistance is administered by the Social Security Institution of Finland, which is regarded as an effective and transparent institution.
Besides basic social assistance, the regions are responsible for supplementary social assistance for special needs and circumstances. These two benefit schemes offer comprehensive protection for minimum financial means for all disadvantaged groups. The benefits guarantee equal access at a minimum level to housing, water, sanitation, energy, public transport, digital infrastructure and financial services. It is fair to say that the generosity of basic income benefits enables the fulfillment of basic human needs at a base minimum. These policies and services also ensure that the level of cash transfers, subsidies, earmarked financial support or benefits-in-kind meet basic human needs in the aforementioned areas.
There are differences in access to supplementary social assistance across regions, but overall, regions are considered effective institutions. Inequalities in well-being exist between regions and municipalities, depending on demographic composition and economic strength. Generally, the northeastern part of Finland is characterized by higher levels of unemployment and ill health than the southwestern part of the country.
The Petteri Orpo government decided to introduce significant cuts in basic social security benefits, taking effect in 2024. These cuts will affect unemployment benefits, housing benefits and social assistance. The government also enacted a freeze on index adjustments until the end of its mandate period in 2027. Minimum pensions will remain untouched. According to a calculation by the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL 2023), the cuts will increase the number of people in need of social assistance by 100,000 (27%) by 2027.
Citations:
Ministry of Social Affairs and Health. 2010. Socially Sustainable Finland 2020. Strategy for Social and Health Policy.
Hiilamo, Heikki, Minna Kivipelto, Pasi Moisio, Susanna Mukkila, Eeva Nykänen, Joonas Ollonqvist, Johanna Peltoniemi, Peppi Saikku, Jussi Tervola, Anna-Kaisa Tuovinen and Lotta Virrankari. 2023. “Hallitusohjelman mukaisten sosiaaliturvan leikkausten vaikutukset vuoteen 2027.” https://www.julkari.fi/handle/10024/147877
However, income and wealth inequality have increased in recent years, thereby increasing social inequality. Social inequality affects people in many ways. It is manifested in poverty and prolonged need for social assistance. While social policy largely prevents poverty and the income-redistribution system has proven to be one of the most efficient in the European Union, pockets of relative poverty and social exclusion persist.
Social assistance is a minimum income guarantee scheme that ensures a minimum income level for each household in need. Basic social assistance can be provided to individuals or families residing in Finland whose income and assets do not cover their essential daily needs, such as food and medicine. This means-tested support, aimed as a last resort to combat poverty and social exclusion, is available for all households, not only for people of working age.
Basic social assistance ensures a minimum standard of living for individuals and their dependents when they lack sufficient financial support. All forms of income and assets available to applicants and their families, including any savings in a bank account, affect basic social assistance. Other social security benefits are counted as income. Before applying for basic social assistance, claimants must determine whether they might be entitled to other social benefits, including unemployment benefits, housing benefits, benefits for parents or a sickness allowance (Social Insurance Institution of Finland (KELA) 2020). Basic social assistance is administered by the Social Security Institution of Finland, which is regarded as an effective and transparent institution.
Besides basic social assistance, the regions are responsible for supplementary social assistance for special needs and circumstances. These two benefit schemes offer comprehensive protection for minimum financial means for all disadvantaged groups. The benefits guarantee equal access at a minimum level to housing, water, sanitation, energy, public transport, digital infrastructure and financial services. It is fair to say that the generosity of basic income benefits enables the fulfillment of basic human needs at a base minimum. These policies and services also ensure that the level of cash transfers, subsidies, earmarked financial support or benefits-in-kind meet basic human needs in the aforementioned areas.
There are differences in access to supplementary social assistance across regions, but overall, regions are considered effective institutions. Inequalities in well-being exist between regions and municipalities, depending on demographic composition and economic strength. Generally, the northeastern part of Finland is characterized by higher levels of unemployment and ill health than the southwestern part of the country.
The Petteri Orpo government decided to introduce significant cuts in basic social security benefits, taking effect in 2024. These cuts will affect unemployment benefits, housing benefits and social assistance. The government also enacted a freeze on index adjustments until the end of its mandate period in 2027. Minimum pensions will remain untouched. According to a calculation by the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL 2023), the cuts will increase the number of people in need of social assistance by 100,000 (27%) by 2027.
Citations:
Ministry of Social Affairs and Health. 2010. Socially Sustainable Finland 2020. Strategy for Social and Health Policy.
Hiilamo, Heikki, Minna Kivipelto, Pasi Moisio, Susanna Mukkila, Eeva Nykänen, Joonas Ollonqvist, Johanna Peltoniemi, Peppi Saikku, Jussi Tervola, Anna-Kaisa Tuovinen and Lotta Virrankari. 2023. “Hallitusohjelman mukaisten sosiaaliturvan leikkausten vaikutukset vuoteen 2027.” https://www.julkari.fi/handle/10024/147877
To what extent do existing institutions and policies ensure high-quality services and basic income support?
10
9
9
Existing essential public services and basic income support are fully aligned with the goal of satisfying basic human needs.
8
7
6
7
6
Existing essential public services and basic income support are largely aligned with the goal of satisfying basic human needs.
5
4
3
4
3
Existing essential public services and basic income support are only somewhat aligned with the goal of satisfying basic human needs.
2
1
1
Existing essential public services and basic income support are not at all aligned with the goal of satisfying basic human needs.
The generosity of basic income benefits and the associated quality of services enables the fulfillment of basic human needs fairly well in Finland. Housing benefits and social assistance guarantee access to minimum quality housing, water and sanitation services, as well as energy. Basic social assistance is expected to cover public transportation. Public transportation services are of high quality in Finnish cities. Digital infrastructure is accessible to people with low incomes. Financial services are also provided for those with low incomes and payment problems.
There are inequalities regarding the quality of services available to people with low incomes and those with average or high incomes. While the Finnish service system aims to promote health, well-being, functional capacity, work ability and social protection, and seeks to reduce disparities in health outcomes and well-being, not all citizens can access the services they need. Furthermore, the services available sometimes do not adequately meet the needs of particular individuals, leading to continued significant inequalities in health outcomes and well-being. Deprivation is not only experienced during one’s lifetime, but is also passed down from generation to generation.
There are inequalities regarding the quality of services available to people with low incomes and those with average or high incomes. While the Finnish service system aims to promote health, well-being, functional capacity, work ability and social protection, and seeks to reduce disparities in health outcomes and well-being, not all citizens can access the services they need. Furthermore, the services available sometimes do not adequately meet the needs of particular individuals, leading to continued significant inequalities in health outcomes and well-being. Deprivation is not only experienced during one’s lifetime, but is also passed down from generation to generation.
Graph View
To what extent does current health policy hinder or facilitate health system resilience?
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9
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Health policies are fully aligned with the goal of achieving a resilient health system.
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7
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Health policies are largely aligned with the goal of achieving a resilient health system.
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3
4
3
Health policies are only somewhat aligned with the goal of achieving a resilient health system.
2
1
1
Health policies are not at all aligned with the goal of achieving a resilient health system.
Health policies in Finland have led to significant improvements in public health, such as a decrease in infant mortality rates and the development of an effective health insurance system. Finnish residents have access to extensive health services despite comparatively low per capita health costs.
The Finnish healthcare system is based on public healthcare services to which everyone residing in the country is entitled. According to the constitution, public authorities must guarantee adequate social, health and medical services and health promotion for all. In other words, it is the constitutional duty of public authorities to provide equal access to high-quality healthcare and disease protection (EU Healthcare, 2020).
In Finland, municipalities were responsible for organizing and financing healthcare until the end of 2022. The responsibility was transferred to the regional level beginning in 2023. Healthcare services are divided into primary healthcare and specialized medical care. Primary healthcare services are provided at regional healthcare centers, while specialized medical care is usually provided at hospitals.
The aim of the social and healthcare reform of 2023 was to foster investment in digital infrastructure and utilize health data to monitor emerging threats and accurately assess public health matters. This progress is still hindered by the absence of a centralized patient register system used by all regions. The Social Insurance Institution maintains a database holding some patient information, but it is not comprehensively utilized by the regions.
The policies and regulations aim to ensure the availability of health products and services when and where they are needed, even in times of crisis, but many regions still fall short of this objective. This is reflected, for example, in the often-protracted waiting times for services.
Another significant goal of the health and social care reform was to implement measures to counteract the rising costs caused by an aging population and advancements in medical technology. These objectives will not be achieved soon. Instead, costs are expected to increase more than anticipated when the reform was planned.
Citations:
Ministry of Social Affairs and Health. 2014. “Socially Sustainable Finland 2020. Strategy for Social and Health Policy.” http://alueuudistus.fi/en/social-welfare-and-health-care-reform
EU Healthcare. 2020. “Healthcare system in Finland.” https://www.eu-healthcare.fi/healthcare-in-finland/healthcare-system-in-finland/
The Finnish healthcare system is based on public healthcare services to which everyone residing in the country is entitled. According to the constitution, public authorities must guarantee adequate social, health and medical services and health promotion for all. In other words, it is the constitutional duty of public authorities to provide equal access to high-quality healthcare and disease protection (EU Healthcare, 2020).
In Finland, municipalities were responsible for organizing and financing healthcare until the end of 2022. The responsibility was transferred to the regional level beginning in 2023. Healthcare services are divided into primary healthcare and specialized medical care. Primary healthcare services are provided at regional healthcare centers, while specialized medical care is usually provided at hospitals.
The aim of the social and healthcare reform of 2023 was to foster investment in digital infrastructure and utilize health data to monitor emerging threats and accurately assess public health matters. This progress is still hindered by the absence of a centralized patient register system used by all regions. The Social Insurance Institution maintains a database holding some patient information, but it is not comprehensively utilized by the regions.
The policies and regulations aim to ensure the availability of health products and services when and where they are needed, even in times of crisis, but many regions still fall short of this objective. This is reflected, for example, in the often-protracted waiting times for services.
Another significant goal of the health and social care reform was to implement measures to counteract the rising costs caused by an aging population and advancements in medical technology. These objectives will not be achieved soon. Instead, costs are expected to increase more than anticipated when the reform was planned.
Citations:
Ministry of Social Affairs and Health. 2014. “Socially Sustainable Finland 2020. Strategy for Social and Health Policy.” http://alueuudistus.fi/en/social-welfare-and-health-care-reform
EU Healthcare. 2020. “Healthcare system in Finland.” https://www.eu-healthcare.fi/healthcare-in-finland/healthcare-system-in-finland/
To what extent does current health policy hinder or facilitate achieving high-quality healthcare?
10
9
9
Health policies are fully aligned with the goal of achieving high-quality healthcare.
8
7
6
7
6
Health policies are largely aligned with the goal of achieving high-quality healthcare.
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3
4
3
Health policies are only somewhat aligned with the goal of achieving high-quality healthcare.
2
1
1
Health policies are not at all aligned with the goal of achieving high-quality healthcare.
The aim of the social and healthcare reform in 2023 was to introduce policies and regulations to foster preventive healthcare, including detection and treatment, as well as the adoption of a healthy lifestyle. However, this aim did not materialize. There is only a very minor financial incentive for municipalities and regions to invest in health prevention.
Meanwhile, the government has introduced mandated maximum waiting times to guarantee timely access to services. Maximum waiting times are closely monitored, but in the absence of sanctions, there are many regions in which the regulated waiting-time expectations are not met. The quality of services is maintained through medical professionals who are expected to follow published best practices introduced for different conditions.
The issue of healthcare financing is the most contested health policy topic in Finland (YLE News, 2023). Currently, all funding for the regions is provided by the state on a capitation basis, which does not offer incentives to ensure individuals receive the right care at the right place at the right time. The financing system is under analysis, and new solutions are expected to emerge.
Citations:
YLE News. 2023. “Amnesty Report: Parts of Finland’s Healthcare System Have Failed.” https://yle.fi/a/74-20036481
Meanwhile, the government has introduced mandated maximum waiting times to guarantee timely access to services. Maximum waiting times are closely monitored, but in the absence of sanctions, there are many regions in which the regulated waiting-time expectations are not met. The quality of services is maintained through medical professionals who are expected to follow published best practices introduced for different conditions.
The issue of healthcare financing is the most contested health policy topic in Finland (YLE News, 2023). Currently, all funding for the regions is provided by the state on a capitation basis, which does not offer incentives to ensure individuals receive the right care at the right place at the right time. The financing system is under analysis, and new solutions are expected to emerge.
Citations:
YLE News. 2023. “Amnesty Report: Parts of Finland’s Healthcare System Have Failed.” https://yle.fi/a/74-20036481
To what extent does current health policy hinder or facilitate equitable access to high-quality healthcare?
10
9
9
Health policies are fully aligned with the goal of achieving equitable access to high-quality healthcare.
8
7
6
7
6
Health policies are largely aligned with the goal of achieving equitable access to high-quality healthcare.
5
4
3
4
3
Health policies are only somewhat aligned with the goal of achieving equitable access to high-quality healthcare.
2
1
1
Health policies are not at all aligned with the goal of achieving equitable access to high-quality healthcare.
The national hospital system delivers high-quality care for acute conditions, but key challenges include improving primary care for the growing number of people with chronic conditions and enhancing coordination between primary care and hospitals.
The Finnish healthcare system divides people into two main categories. Occupational primary healthcare is available for employed individuals. Those outside the labor force – such as the unemployed, temporary workers and self-employed people – rely instead on the public healthcare service, which has fewer resources and offers fewer services. As a result, equitable access to primary healthcare in terms of timeliness, quality and scope, regardless of socioeconomic status, is not ensured. Consequently, socioeconomic inequalities in health outcomes persist (YLE News, 2023).
There is more equitable access to specialized care, but the fact that patients are often channeled from primary to specialized care means there is also unequal access to specialized care.
Integration of occupational primary healthcare and public primary healthcare has proved impossible due to the vested interests of private healthcare companies and labor unions.
However, social and healthcare reform has successfully reduced regional differences in access to essential healthcare, as the number of healthcare organizers was dramatically reduced in the reform.
Citations:
YLE News. 2023. “Amnesty Report: Parts of Finland’s Healthcare System Have Failed.” https://yle.fi/a/74-20036481
The Finnish healthcare system divides people into two main categories. Occupational primary healthcare is available for employed individuals. Those outside the labor force – such as the unemployed, temporary workers and self-employed people – rely instead on the public healthcare service, which has fewer resources and offers fewer services. As a result, equitable access to primary healthcare in terms of timeliness, quality and scope, regardless of socioeconomic status, is not ensured. Consequently, socioeconomic inequalities in health outcomes persist (YLE News, 2023).
There is more equitable access to specialized care, but the fact that patients are often channeled from primary to specialized care means there is also unequal access to specialized care.
Integration of occupational primary healthcare and public primary healthcare has proved impossible due to the vested interests of private healthcare companies and labor unions.
However, social and healthcare reform has successfully reduced regional differences in access to essential healthcare, as the number of healthcare organizers was dramatically reduced in the reform.
Citations:
YLE News. 2023. “Amnesty Report: Parts of Finland’s Healthcare System Have Failed.” https://yle.fi/a/74-20036481
Graph View
How committed is the government to ensuring gender equality in all respects?
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9
The government is clearly committed to the goal of ensuring gender equality.
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The government is largely committed to the goal of ensuring gender equality.
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The government is only somewhat committed to the goal of ensuring gender equality.
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1
1
The government is not at all committed to the goal of ensuring gender equality.
In terms of gender equality, the government has embarked on several programs to improve its performance. The Act on Equality Between Women and Men was passed in 1986, and gender discrimination is prohibited under additional legislation. Currently, Finland is considered one of the most woman-friendly countries in the world. For example, in the previous Sanna Marin government, all five leading ministers and party chairs were women. Despite the legislation and changes in attitudes, inequalities between men and women prevail, especially in the labor market, which is strongly segregated. This has resulted in a rather high gender pay gap and a pension gender gap of around one-fifth.
On the other hand, girls are performing much better than boys in schools, resulting in significant gender inequality in higher education, where women occupy more than 60% of the study places.
The Ombudsman for Equality operates as an independent authority with the primary responsibility of overseeing compliance with the Act on Equality Between Women and Men. This role involves closely monitoring adherence to the act, particularly focusing on preventing discriminatory practices. One of the authority’s essential functions is to disseminate comprehensive information regarding the Equality Act and its practical application (Ombudsman for Equality n.d.).
Furthermore, the Ombudsman actively works to encourage the implementation of the Equality Act’s objectives. This effort includes carrying out initiatives, providing advice and offering guidance to promote equality. The Ombudsman also engages in the crucial task of assessing gender equality across various sectors of society.
In addition to these responsibilities, the Ombudsman plays a proactive role in promoting reconciliation in cases deemed to be discrimination under the terms of the Equality Act. The Ombudsman’s authority encompasses matters concerning gender, gender identity and gender expression. This authority extends both to combating discrimination and advancing the cause of equality.
It is important to note that the Ombudsman for Equality operates within the administrative purview of the Ministry of Justice. In fulfilling these duties, the Ombudsman primarily provides guidance and advice in addressing issues related to gender equality.
Citations:
Ombudsman for Equality. n.d. “Tasks of the Ombudsman for Equality.” https://tasa-arvo.fi/en/duties-of-the-ombudsman
On the other hand, girls are performing much better than boys in schools, resulting in significant gender inequality in higher education, where women occupy more than 60% of the study places.
The Ombudsman for Equality operates as an independent authority with the primary responsibility of overseeing compliance with the Act on Equality Between Women and Men. This role involves closely monitoring adherence to the act, particularly focusing on preventing discriminatory practices. One of the authority’s essential functions is to disseminate comprehensive information regarding the Equality Act and its practical application (Ombudsman for Equality n.d.).
Furthermore, the Ombudsman actively works to encourage the implementation of the Equality Act’s objectives. This effort includes carrying out initiatives, providing advice and offering guidance to promote equality. The Ombudsman also engages in the crucial task of assessing gender equality across various sectors of society.
In addition to these responsibilities, the Ombudsman plays a proactive role in promoting reconciliation in cases deemed to be discrimination under the terms of the Equality Act. The Ombudsman’s authority encompasses matters concerning gender, gender identity and gender expression. This authority extends both to combating discrimination and advancing the cause of equality.
It is important to note that the Ombudsman for Equality operates within the administrative purview of the Ministry of Justice. In fulfilling these duties, the Ombudsman primarily provides guidance and advice in addressing issues related to gender equality.
Citations:
Ombudsman for Equality. n.d. “Tasks of the Ombudsman for Equality.” https://tasa-arvo.fi/en/duties-of-the-ombudsman
Graph View
To what extent does the current family policy approach support or hinder unpaid family care work?
10
9
9
Family policies are fully aligned with the goal of creating the conditions for strong families.
8
7
6
7
6
Family policies are largely aligned with the goal of creating the conditions for strong families.
5
4
3
4
3
Family policies are only somewhat aligned with the goal of creating the conditions for strong families.
2
1
1
Family policies are not at all aligned with the goal of creating family-friendly conditions.
Family policy in Finland adheres to the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, as well as other international agreements. Finland’s family-policy programs aim to create a secure environment for children, while also providing parents with the physical and mental resources they need. By and large, family policy has been successful. For example, child poverty has been greatly alleviated.
Support for families has three main elements: financial support for services and family leave, child benefits, and the provision of childcare services. The family support system includes maternity leave policies that provide job protection and adequate wage replacement schemes beyond the WHO guidelines of six months. The family support system also provides parents with paid leave to care for sick children, but not for the care of elderly family members in need of assistance. Access to public day care is guaranteed to all children under seven years of age, and allowances are paid for every child until they turn 17.
The traditional nuclear family pattern, with two parents of opposite sexes, is changing. Nontraditional families already account for around one-third of all families in Finland, and the number of blended families and rainbow families is increasing. Existing benefits schemes and service models do not always meet the real needs of families (Eydal et al. 2018). For example, the government program mentioned that access to services – such as couples counseling or divorce counseling, which foster the well-being of families and support parents when they experience parenting or relationship problems – is not systematic or equal across the country.
The core aims of policies aimed at families with children in Finland are twofold: to improve equality among children by ensuring that all children can enjoy a good and safe childhood, regardless of family structure or socioeconomic status, and to enhance gender equality by enabling both parents to work and provide care. Family policies in Finland ensure that parents are supported in caring for their young children by guaranteeing paid parental leave and offering subsidized childcare and family benefits.
However, family policy remains somewhat problematic with regard to gender equality. Although the employment rate among women, especially the full-time employment rate, is among the highest such figures in the European Union, family policies have not fully addressed the challenge of combining parenting and employment. While the number of fathers taking paternity leave has somewhat increased, childcare responsibilities still fall predominantly on women. Additionally, the home care allowance of up to three years encourages Finnish women to leave the labor market for longer periods than is the practice for women in many other countries.
Comparative examinations of Nordic family policies suggest that Finland’s family policies have not fully developed to match the more flexible arrangements seen in countries including Norway and Sweden. In general, evidence has shown that family-centered thinking is increasing among Finnish adults and within Finnish culture more broadly.
Additionally, there are social, healthcare and school services aimed at ensuring children receive the best possible care and outcomes. These services are either fully funded by the public sector or require parents to pay small user fees. Parents are entitled to paid leave from work after the birth of a child, and the law guarantees they can return to the same job after the leave period. Under the Employment Contracts Act, employees are entitled to leave during which they can receive maternity, special maternity, paternity or parental allowances (Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare 2020).
Finland grants children legal rights to early childhood education and care (ECEC) services. These services are designed to support women’s labor market participation, ensure children’s well-being, and, in more recent years, additionally to foster the development of children’s social and cognitive skills. In essence, ECEC is an investment in children’s present and future. The public sector subsidizes ECEC services, resulting in relatively modest user fees for parents compared to those in other countries.
The most important family cash benefit in Finland is the child benefit, which is paid to parents regardless of their income or means and is the same for all children. Finland provides additional benefits to single parents and a supplement for additional children. In addition to child benefits, if a partnership is dissolved resulting in single parenthood, the parent who legally resides with the child often receives a child maintenance payment from the nonresident parent. The amount and arrangement of the payment are decided during divorce proceedings or in connection with the birth of a child out of marriage, either through mutual agreement or a decision from the court or local authorities. Public authorities guarantee maintenance payments for children. Poverty among families with children is most common in single-parent families and in families where children are under the age of three.
Over the last few years, the value of family benefits have eroded due to the high rate of inflation. However, it is still fair to say that policies and regulations provide financial support (e.g., child benefits, child supplements, tax-free allowances for children) that maintain economic stability for families, ensure basic financial security and support individuals in their decision to have children.
Citations:
Katja Repo. “The Contradiction of Finnish Childcare Policies.” www.ungdata.no/reassessassets/20608/20608.ppt
Eydal, G. B., T. Rostgaard, and H. T. Hiilamo. 2018. “Family Policies in the Nordic Countries: Aiming at Equality.” In G. B. Eydal and T. Rostgaard, eds., Handbook of Family Policy, 195-208. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781784719340.00024
Support for families has three main elements: financial support for services and family leave, child benefits, and the provision of childcare services. The family support system includes maternity leave policies that provide job protection and adequate wage replacement schemes beyond the WHO guidelines of six months. The family support system also provides parents with paid leave to care for sick children, but not for the care of elderly family members in need of assistance. Access to public day care is guaranteed to all children under seven years of age, and allowances are paid for every child until they turn 17.
The traditional nuclear family pattern, with two parents of opposite sexes, is changing. Nontraditional families already account for around one-third of all families in Finland, and the number of blended families and rainbow families is increasing. Existing benefits schemes and service models do not always meet the real needs of families (Eydal et al. 2018). For example, the government program mentioned that access to services – such as couples counseling or divorce counseling, which foster the well-being of families and support parents when they experience parenting or relationship problems – is not systematic or equal across the country.
The core aims of policies aimed at families with children in Finland are twofold: to improve equality among children by ensuring that all children can enjoy a good and safe childhood, regardless of family structure or socioeconomic status, and to enhance gender equality by enabling both parents to work and provide care. Family policies in Finland ensure that parents are supported in caring for their young children by guaranteeing paid parental leave and offering subsidized childcare and family benefits.
However, family policy remains somewhat problematic with regard to gender equality. Although the employment rate among women, especially the full-time employment rate, is among the highest such figures in the European Union, family policies have not fully addressed the challenge of combining parenting and employment. While the number of fathers taking paternity leave has somewhat increased, childcare responsibilities still fall predominantly on women. Additionally, the home care allowance of up to three years encourages Finnish women to leave the labor market for longer periods than is the practice for women in many other countries.
Comparative examinations of Nordic family policies suggest that Finland’s family policies have not fully developed to match the more flexible arrangements seen in countries including Norway and Sweden. In general, evidence has shown that family-centered thinking is increasing among Finnish adults and within Finnish culture more broadly.
Additionally, there are social, healthcare and school services aimed at ensuring children receive the best possible care and outcomes. These services are either fully funded by the public sector or require parents to pay small user fees. Parents are entitled to paid leave from work after the birth of a child, and the law guarantees they can return to the same job after the leave period. Under the Employment Contracts Act, employees are entitled to leave during which they can receive maternity, special maternity, paternity or parental allowances (Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare 2020).
Finland grants children legal rights to early childhood education and care (ECEC) services. These services are designed to support women’s labor market participation, ensure children’s well-being, and, in more recent years, additionally to foster the development of children’s social and cognitive skills. In essence, ECEC is an investment in children’s present and future. The public sector subsidizes ECEC services, resulting in relatively modest user fees for parents compared to those in other countries.
The most important family cash benefit in Finland is the child benefit, which is paid to parents regardless of their income or means and is the same for all children. Finland provides additional benefits to single parents and a supplement for additional children. In addition to child benefits, if a partnership is dissolved resulting in single parenthood, the parent who legally resides with the child often receives a child maintenance payment from the nonresident parent. The amount and arrangement of the payment are decided during divorce proceedings or in connection with the birth of a child out of marriage, either through mutual agreement or a decision from the court or local authorities. Public authorities guarantee maintenance payments for children. Poverty among families with children is most common in single-parent families and in families where children are under the age of three.
Over the last few years, the value of family benefits have eroded due to the high rate of inflation. However, it is still fair to say that policies and regulations provide financial support (e.g., child benefits, child supplements, tax-free allowances for children) that maintain economic stability for families, ensure basic financial security and support individuals in their decision to have children.
Citations:
Katja Repo. “The Contradiction of Finnish Childcare Policies.” www.ungdata.no/reassessassets/20608/20608.ppt
Eydal, G. B., T. Rostgaard, and H. T. Hiilamo. 2018. “Family Policies in the Nordic Countries: Aiming at Equality.” In G. B. Eydal and T. Rostgaard, eds., Handbook of Family Policy, 195-208. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781784719340.00024
Graph View
To what extent does the current pension policy approach prevent poverty among senior citizens?
10
9
9
Pension policies are fully aligned with the goal of preventing old-age poverty.
8
7
6
7
6
Pension policies are largely aligned with the goal of preventing old-age poverty.
5
4
3
4
3
Pension policies are only somewhat aligned with the goal of preventing old-age poverty.
2
1
1
Pension policies are not at all aligned with the goal of preventing old-age poverty.
The Finnish public pension system comprises two distinct schemes: a basic residence-based, tax-financed pension scheme that includes the national pension and the guarantee pension, and a mandatory contributions-based, earnings-related pension scheme. Voluntary occupational schemes and private pension savings play a very minor role. Additionally, the elderly have access to a specific housing benefit scheme. While the earnings-related pension scheme aims at consumption smoothing, the basic residence-based pension – consisting of the national pension and the guarantee pension – aims at preventing poverty by providing an adequate old-age income for individuals in nonstandard employment or with interrupted employment biographies (e.g., low-skilled, self-employed individuals, long-term unemployed people, single parents, chronically ill individuals and those with a migration background).
With the maturation of the earnings-related pension scheme, its role in pension provision has become dominant. In 2022, 65% of retirees in Finland received only earnings-related pensions, around 29% received both earnings-related and national pensions, and 6% received only national pensions. Managed fairly successfully by the social partners and the government, the overall pension policy has largely provided adequate pension provision. Consequently, Finland has largely avoided the classic problem of poverty in old age. However, the oldest cohorts, women and retirees living alone tend to suffer from poverty more often than other retirees.
The level of guaranteed pension is clearly above that of other basic security benefits, such as flat-rate benefits for the unemployed or those on sick leave. Consequently, only a very small fraction of the elderly need to rely on basic social assistance. It is fair to say that the pension system provides an old-age income that enables all citizens to meet their basic needs.
Citations:
Torben M. Andersen. 2021. Pension Adequacy and Sustainability: An Evaluation of the Finnish Pension System. Helsinki: Finnish Center for Pensions.
“The Finnish Pension System: System description.” https://www.etk.fi/en/finnish-pension-system/pension-security/overview-of-pensions/system-description
Susan Kuivalainen, Juha Rantala, Kati Ahonen, Kati Kuitto, Liisa-Maria Palomäki, Jyri Liukko, eds. 2022. Eläkkeet ja eläkeläisten toimeentulo: kehitys vuosina 1995-2020 [Pensions and livelihood of retirees: development from 1995-2020]. Helsinki: Eläketurvakeskus. https://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-951-691-357-8
“Effective Retirement Age” https://www.etk.fi/en/statistics-2/statistics/effective-retirement-age/
With the maturation of the earnings-related pension scheme, its role in pension provision has become dominant. In 2022, 65% of retirees in Finland received only earnings-related pensions, around 29% received both earnings-related and national pensions, and 6% received only national pensions. Managed fairly successfully by the social partners and the government, the overall pension policy has largely provided adequate pension provision. Consequently, Finland has largely avoided the classic problem of poverty in old age. However, the oldest cohorts, women and retirees living alone tend to suffer from poverty more often than other retirees.
The level of guaranteed pension is clearly above that of other basic security benefits, such as flat-rate benefits for the unemployed or those on sick leave. Consequently, only a very small fraction of the elderly need to rely on basic social assistance. It is fair to say that the pension system provides an old-age income that enables all citizens to meet their basic needs.
Citations:
Torben M. Andersen. 2021. Pension Adequacy and Sustainability: An Evaluation of the Finnish Pension System. Helsinki: Finnish Center for Pensions.
“The Finnish Pension System: System description.” https://www.etk.fi/en/finnish-pension-system/pension-security/overview-of-pensions/system-description
Susan Kuivalainen, Juha Rantala, Kati Ahonen, Kati Kuitto, Liisa-Maria Palomäki, Jyri Liukko, eds. 2022. Eläkkeet ja eläkeläisten toimeentulo: kehitys vuosina 1995-2020 [Pensions and livelihood of retirees: development from 1995-2020]. Helsinki: Eläketurvakeskus. https://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-951-691-357-8
“Effective Retirement Age” https://www.etk.fi/en/statistics-2/statistics/effective-retirement-age/
To what extent does the current pension policy approach hinder or promote intergenerational equity?
10
9
9
Pension policies are fully aligned with the goal of achieving intergenerational equity.
8
7
6
7
6
Pension policies are largely aligned with the goal of achieving intergenerational equity.
5
4
3
4
3
Pension policies are only somewhat aligned with the goal of achieving intergenerational equity.
2
1
1
Pension policies are not at all aligned with the goal of achieving intergenerational equity.
The rapid aging of Finland’s population and a steep decline in birth rates in recent years have created challenges for maintaining the labor force and ensuring the financial sustainability of the pension system. Current strategies focus on encouraging later retirement in order to secure the financial stability of the public pension system in the future.
A major reform of the pension system in 2005 aimed to increase flexibility and create more incentives for workers to remain employed longer. In 2011, a national guarantee pension was introduced. While these reforms were successful, another significant reform came into effect in 2017, with the main goal again being to extend working lives and ensure the financial sustainability of the pension system. Major changes included a gradual rise in the lowest age of retirement eligibility, the harmonization of pension accrual, an increase in deferred retirement to incentivize longer working lives, the introduction of a flexible part-time retirement status, and amendments to the accumulation rate. A new pension reform is already under preparation. Orpo’s government program states that by January 2025, the government will work with the principal labor market organizations on a tripartite basis to assess the measures necessary to stabilize the level of pension insurance contributions over the long term, and significantly reinforce the public finances as a whole over a sustained period using a rule-based fiscal stabilization system.
A recent evaluation by Torben Andersen (2021) found the Finnish pension system to be robust and well-functioning. The key challenges identified included the financial viability of the system, the regulatory framework for pension providers’ investment policies, and the widening gap between pensioners and those active in the labor market. The report also found a long-term tendency toward increasing inequality within the group of pensioners.
Citations:
Andersen, Torben. 2021. “Pension adequacy and sustainability – An evaluation of the Finnish pension system.” https://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-951-691-336-3
Melbourne Mercer Global Pension Index 2023. https://www.mercer.com/insights/investments/market-outlook-and-trends/mercer-cfa-global-pension-index/
“Topical development projects.” https://www.etk.fi/en/finnish-pension-system/pension-reforms/topical-development-projects/
A major reform of the pension system in 2005 aimed to increase flexibility and create more incentives for workers to remain employed longer. In 2011, a national guarantee pension was introduced. While these reforms were successful, another significant reform came into effect in 2017, with the main goal again being to extend working lives and ensure the financial sustainability of the pension system. Major changes included a gradual rise in the lowest age of retirement eligibility, the harmonization of pension accrual, an increase in deferred retirement to incentivize longer working lives, the introduction of a flexible part-time retirement status, and amendments to the accumulation rate. A new pension reform is already under preparation. Orpo’s government program states that by January 2025, the government will work with the principal labor market organizations on a tripartite basis to assess the measures necessary to stabilize the level of pension insurance contributions over the long term, and significantly reinforce the public finances as a whole over a sustained period using a rule-based fiscal stabilization system.
A recent evaluation by Torben Andersen (2021) found the Finnish pension system to be robust and well-functioning. The key challenges identified included the financial viability of the system, the regulatory framework for pension providers’ investment policies, and the widening gap between pensioners and those active in the labor market. The report also found a long-term tendency toward increasing inequality within the group of pensioners.
Citations:
Andersen, Torben. 2021. “Pension adequacy and sustainability – An evaluation of the Finnish pension system.” https://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-951-691-336-3
Melbourne Mercer Global Pension Index 2023. https://www.mercer.com/insights/investments/market-outlook-and-trends/mercer-cfa-global-pension-index/
“Topical development projects.” https://www.etk.fi/en/finnish-pension-system/pension-reforms/topical-development-projects/
Graph View
To what extent does the current policy approach hinder or facilitate the inclusion of migrants into society and the labor market?
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9
9
Integration policies are fully aligned with achieving the sustainable inclusion of migrants in society.
8
7
6
7
6
Integration policies are largely aligned with achieving the sustainable inclusion of migrants in society.
5
4
3
4
3
Integration policies are only somewhat aligned with achieving the sustainable inclusion of migrants in society.
2
1
1
Integration policies are not at all aligned with achieving the sustainable inclusion of migrants in society.
Immigrants face significant social exclusion, particularly due to poor integration in the labor market. The surge in immigration during 2016 and 2017 exacerbated these challenges. Since the early 1980s, Finland has experienced more immigration than emigration. From 1990 to 2018, the share of the population with a foreign background grew from 0.8% to 7.3%. Several factors have complicated the management of this influx. Second-generation immigrants have struggled to access education or secure employment (Teivainen, A. 2016). Additionally, there are disparities in labor market integration based on migrants’ countries of origin. For instance, Ukrainians find employment more easily than migrants from sub-Saharan Africa countries such as Somalia.
Boosting the labor market participation rate was a key target of the previous government’s actions. Although Finland has received a fair share of asylum-seekers on a per capita basis, the country is not considered to be among the top destinations for immigrants (Tanner 2011). This is due to various factors. Applying for a Finnish residence permit is still a complicated process, as is applying for Finnish citizenship. Finnish is a difficult language, and proficient language skills are required. While sympathetic to work-related immigration, authorities’ general attitude toward immigration is rather restrictive.
Moreover, until the summer of 2017, the True Finns party used its cabinet position as a platform to incite anti-immigrant sentiments. Several demonstrations by anti-immigrant protesters against refugee accommodations turned violent. In 2023, the True Finns party again joined the ruling coalition with the aim of curbing migration. For example, on the True Finns’ initiative, the rules concerning family reunification are becoming stricter. Additionally, it will become more difficult to obtain Finnish citizenship. Furthermore, the income requirements for migrants to obtain legal resident status in Finland will be tightened. There are no specific policies to support migrants’ political participation.
The officials struggle to develop effective recognition procedures for skills and qualifications, which are crucial for integrating migrants into the labor market. Although language courses are provided early on, the supply does not meet the demand. Similarly, there are professional training programs, mentoring opportunities and employer incentives available for migrants, but these too fail to meet the demand. Additionally, the programs are not always tailored to participants’ needs.
The government has declined to establish specific target values with regard to addressing the needs of migrants and offering them tailored support. The lead unit for migration policy is Migri, which is known for slow processes and strict bureaucracy.
Citations:
Tanner, A. 2011. “Finland’s Balancing Act.” http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/finlands-balancing-act-labor-market-humanitarian-relief-and-immigrant-integration
Teivainen, A. 2016. “Finland must develop its Immigration and Integration Policies.” Helsinki Times. https://www.helsinkitimes.fi/finland/finland-news/domestic/13810-finland-must-develop-its-immigration-and-integration-policies-researchers-state.html
Busk, H., Jauhiainen, S., Kekäläinen, A., Nivalainen, S., and Tähtinen, T. 2016. Maahanmuuttajat työmarkkinoilla: tutkimus eri vuosina Suomeen muuttaneiden työurista [Immigrants on the labor market – A study of the working lives of immigrants arriving in Finland in different years]. Helsinki: Finnish Center for Pensions.
Boosting the labor market participation rate was a key target of the previous government’s actions. Although Finland has received a fair share of asylum-seekers on a per capita basis, the country is not considered to be among the top destinations for immigrants (Tanner 2011). This is due to various factors. Applying for a Finnish residence permit is still a complicated process, as is applying for Finnish citizenship. Finnish is a difficult language, and proficient language skills are required. While sympathetic to work-related immigration, authorities’ general attitude toward immigration is rather restrictive.
Moreover, until the summer of 2017, the True Finns party used its cabinet position as a platform to incite anti-immigrant sentiments. Several demonstrations by anti-immigrant protesters against refugee accommodations turned violent. In 2023, the True Finns party again joined the ruling coalition with the aim of curbing migration. For example, on the True Finns’ initiative, the rules concerning family reunification are becoming stricter. Additionally, it will become more difficult to obtain Finnish citizenship. Furthermore, the income requirements for migrants to obtain legal resident status in Finland will be tightened. There are no specific policies to support migrants’ political participation.
The officials struggle to develop effective recognition procedures for skills and qualifications, which are crucial for integrating migrants into the labor market. Although language courses are provided early on, the supply does not meet the demand. Similarly, there are professional training programs, mentoring opportunities and employer incentives available for migrants, but these too fail to meet the demand. Additionally, the programs are not always tailored to participants’ needs.
The government has declined to establish specific target values with regard to addressing the needs of migrants and offering them tailored support. The lead unit for migration policy is Migri, which is known for slow processes and strict bureaucracy.
Citations:
Tanner, A. 2011. “Finland’s Balancing Act.” http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/finlands-balancing-act-labor-market-humanitarian-relief-and-immigrant-integration
Teivainen, A. 2016. “Finland must develop its Immigration and Integration Policies.” Helsinki Times. https://www.helsinkitimes.fi/finland/finland-news/domestic/13810-finland-must-develop-its-immigration-and-integration-policies-researchers-state.html
Busk, H., Jauhiainen, S., Kekäläinen, A., Nivalainen, S., and Tähtinen, T. 2016. Maahanmuuttajat työmarkkinoilla: tutkimus eri vuosina Suomeen muuttaneiden työurista [Immigrants on the labor market – A study of the working lives of immigrants arriving in Finland in different years]. Helsinki: Finnish Center for Pensions.
Graph View
How committed is the government to helping build the capacity to reduce poverty and provide social protection in low- and middle-income countries?
10
9
9
The government’s development cooperation strategy is fully aligned with the goal of improving capacity-building for poverty reduction in low- and middle-income countries.
8
7
6
7
6
The government’s development cooperation strategy is largely aligned with the goal of improving capacity-building for poverty reduction in low- and middle-income countries.
5
4
3
4
3
The government’s development cooperation strategy is only somewhat aligned with the goal of improving capacity-building in poverty reduction in low- and middle-income countries.
2
1
1
The government’s development cooperation strategy is not all aligned with the goal of improving capacity-building for poverty reduction in low- and middle-income countries.
Traditionally, development policy has been an integral part of Finland’s security and foreign policy. Development policy aims to eliminate poverty, reduce inequality and achieve sustainable development goals. Finland’s approach to development policy aligns with global objectives for sustainable poverty reduction, fundamental rights, a rules-based multilateral system and efforts to realize the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This commitment is a core aspect of Finland’s foreign and security policy, which is grounded in human rights and core values. The overarching framework for international collaboration is based on the Paris Agreement on Climate Change and the objectives outlined in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.
The key cross-cutting goals emphasized in Finland’s development policy encompass gender equality, nondiscrimination, the promotion of climate-resilient and low-emission development, and environmental protection, with a specific focus on safeguarding biodiversity.
Development cooperation serves as a means to implement Finland’s development policy through practical collaboration with developing countries and various partners, including the UN and civil society organizations (Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland n.d.). The primary aim is to enhance the self-sufficiency of developing nations, emphasizing the importance of enabling these countries to take responsibility for their own development.
Finland’s contribution to international climate funding comes as part of the official development assistance (ODA) managed by the Foreign Ministry.
Humanitarian assistance is an integral component of Finland’s development policy, but is independently operated. It is needs-based and adheres to international humanitarian law, human rights treaties and refugee law, as well as UN-established principles such as humanity, impartiality, neutrality and independence.
The Government Report on Development Policy across Parliamentary Terms, adopted in 2021, reaffirms Finland’s commitment to long-term development policy. The report’s preparation involved a parliamentary monitoring group representing all political parties and consultations with diverse societal actors.
Finland actively addresses major global challenges through development cooperation, humanitarian assistance and contributions to international climate finance. The pursuit of a prosperous, stable and equitable world aligns with Finland’s best interests. The country’s efforts focus on four priorities: protecting the rights of women and girls; reinforcing developing countries’ economies so they can generate more jobs while improving livelihoods and well-being; supporting democratic and well-functioning societies, including ensuring taxation capacity; and supporting food security, access to water and energy, and sustainability in the use of natural resources.
Since 2023, when the True Finns party joined the ruling cabinet, there have been significant cuts and shifts in emphasis in Finnish development policy. Finland has reduced the amount of humanitarian aid provided, and directed more aid to Ukraine and less to the Global South.
Finland still emphasizes the primary role of the United Nations in coordinating the provision of aid and generally channels its humanitarian aid funds through UN organizations. Finland is committed to the United Nations’ 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and Sustainable Development Goals.
The existing cooperation policies align with efforts aimed at capacity-building for poverty reduction. However, no binding standards exist with regard to developing actions for global poverty reduction in collaboration with recipient countries and local actors.
Finland has emphasized development financing for infrastructure projects. These projects also aim to improve access to technology and scientific knowledge in order to facilitate knowledge-sharing and foster innovation in developing countries. However, providing access to affordable essential medicines, vaccines and healthcare services – including efforts to recruit, train and retain a sufficient health-sector workforce – is not part of Finland’s development policy.
Overall, Finland is not considered one of the world’s top aid initiators or agenda-setters. In terms of building capacity to reduce poverty and provide social protection in low- and middle-income countries, Finland is more of a committed partner than a leader.
Citations:
Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland. n.d. “Development cooperation appropriations.” https://um.fi/finland-s-development-cooperation-appropriations
The key cross-cutting goals emphasized in Finland’s development policy encompass gender equality, nondiscrimination, the promotion of climate-resilient and low-emission development, and environmental protection, with a specific focus on safeguarding biodiversity.
Development cooperation serves as a means to implement Finland’s development policy through practical collaboration with developing countries and various partners, including the UN and civil society organizations (Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland n.d.). The primary aim is to enhance the self-sufficiency of developing nations, emphasizing the importance of enabling these countries to take responsibility for their own development.
Finland’s contribution to international climate funding comes as part of the official development assistance (ODA) managed by the Foreign Ministry.
Humanitarian assistance is an integral component of Finland’s development policy, but is independently operated. It is needs-based and adheres to international humanitarian law, human rights treaties and refugee law, as well as UN-established principles such as humanity, impartiality, neutrality and independence.
The Government Report on Development Policy across Parliamentary Terms, adopted in 2021, reaffirms Finland’s commitment to long-term development policy. The report’s preparation involved a parliamentary monitoring group representing all political parties and consultations with diverse societal actors.
Finland actively addresses major global challenges through development cooperation, humanitarian assistance and contributions to international climate finance. The pursuit of a prosperous, stable and equitable world aligns with Finland’s best interests. The country’s efforts focus on four priorities: protecting the rights of women and girls; reinforcing developing countries’ economies so they can generate more jobs while improving livelihoods and well-being; supporting democratic and well-functioning societies, including ensuring taxation capacity; and supporting food security, access to water and energy, and sustainability in the use of natural resources.
Since 2023, when the True Finns party joined the ruling cabinet, there have been significant cuts and shifts in emphasis in Finnish development policy. Finland has reduced the amount of humanitarian aid provided, and directed more aid to Ukraine and less to the Global South.
Finland still emphasizes the primary role of the United Nations in coordinating the provision of aid and generally channels its humanitarian aid funds through UN organizations. Finland is committed to the United Nations’ 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and Sustainable Development Goals.
The existing cooperation policies align with efforts aimed at capacity-building for poverty reduction. However, no binding standards exist with regard to developing actions for global poverty reduction in collaboration with recipient countries and local actors.
Finland has emphasized development financing for infrastructure projects. These projects also aim to improve access to technology and scientific knowledge in order to facilitate knowledge-sharing and foster innovation in developing countries. However, providing access to affordable essential medicines, vaccines and healthcare services – including efforts to recruit, train and retain a sufficient health-sector workforce – is not part of Finland’s development policy.
Overall, Finland is not considered one of the world’s top aid initiators or agenda-setters. In terms of building capacity to reduce poverty and provide social protection in low- and middle-income countries, Finland is more of a committed partner than a leader.
Citations:
Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland. n.d. “Development cooperation appropriations.” https://um.fi/finland-s-development-cooperation-appropriations