Social Sustainability
#21Key Findings
Latvia falls into the sample’s lower-middle ranks (rank 21) with regard to social sustainability.
Students perform above the OECD average in math and science. A new curriculum was introduced in 2023 to improve Latvian language proficiency. Women make up a comparatively high share of graduates from tertiary programs.
Healthcare spending is below the OECD average. Though core healthcare services are available to the entire population, satisfaction remains relatively low. The minimum income is low. Gender pay gaps and gender-role stereotypes have been persistent. Women are underrepresented on company boards.
Family policies focus on child and maternity benefits. Municipalities must pay for childcare for children above 1 1/2 if no public kindergarten spot is open. Pensions do not prevent poverty for a significant share of older people. The number of immigrants has surged, largely due to incoming Ukrainians. Integration is focused on language learning and cultural values.
Students perform above the OECD average in math and science. A new curriculum was introduced in 2023 to improve Latvian language proficiency. Women make up a comparatively high share of graduates from tertiary programs.
Healthcare spending is below the OECD average. Though core healthcare services are available to the entire population, satisfaction remains relatively low. The minimum income is low. Gender pay gaps and gender-role stereotypes have been persistent. Women are underrepresented on company boards.
Family policies focus on child and maternity benefits. Municipalities must pay for childcare for children above 1 1/2 if no public kindergarten spot is open. Pensions do not prevent poverty for a significant share of older people. The number of immigrants has surged, largely due to incoming Ukrainians. Integration is focused on language learning and cultural values.
Graph View
Graph View
To what extent do policies and regulations in the education system hinder or facilitate high-quality education and training?
10
9
9
Education policies are fully aligned with the goal of ensuring high-quality education and training.
8
7
6
7
6
Education policies are largely aligned with the goal of ensuring high-quality education and training.
5
4
3
4
3
Education policies are only somewhat aligned with the goal of ensuring high-quality education and training.
2
1
1
Education policies are not at all aligned with the goal of ensuring high-quality education and training.
Latvia’s 15-year-olds perform above the OECD average in math and science and are close to average in reading. Comparing Latvia’s progress from 2018 to 2022, results improved in science but declined in math and reading.
The education system exhibits diverse enrollment patterns. Among 15- to 19-year-olds, 35% attend general upper secondary education, and 24% pursue vocational upper secondary education. Additionally, 24% are in lower secondary programs, with 7% in tertiary programs. Furthermore, among OECD and partner countries, Latvia boasts one of the highest shares of women graduates from tertiary programs. In 2021, 65.7% of graduates were women, ranking Latvia first out of 34 countries. These figures differ from the OECD average. Regarding vocational education and training (VET) qualifications among 25- to 34-year-olds, 29% in Latvia hold VET qualifications. Notably, 11% have not attained an upper secondary qualification, which is lower than the OECD average.
Earnings in Latvia are influenced by educational attainment. Workers aged 25 – 34 with vocational or post-secondary qualifications earn 16% more than those without upper secondary attainment. Conversely, those with general upper secondary or higher education enjoy even greater earning advantages.
In 2023, significant developments have taken place in Latvia’s education system. A new curriculum in Latvian has been introduced for educators in collaboration with the Latvian Language Teachers Association. The primary goal is to enhance Latvian language proficiency, especially in primary and secondary education. Moreover, revisions have been implemented in the design and technology curriculum, incorporating teaching content from Oxford University and focusing on providing educators with the necessary support.
The sports and health education curriculum is expanding and places considerable emphasis on motivating students to engage in physical activities and adopt a healthy lifestyle. Collaboration with various organizations and partners is pivotal in achieving this goal. Ensuring the availability of teaching materials is a top priority, encompassing guidelines for teachers, accessible resources, and thorough evaluation of teaching materials, particularly in the subjects of Latvian language and mathematics.
Looking ahead to the 2024 – 2025 school year, a new assessment approach will be introduced, addressing issues identified during the 2022 – 2023 examination session. Effective collaboration among school directors, educators, and municipal education specialists is essential for successful implementation. Furthermore, plans are underway to introduce a new monitoring test in natural sciences for 11th graders, with the potential for expansion to other subjects shortly. These initiatives reflect Latvia’s commitment to improving its education system.
For the 2023 – 2024 school year, the percentage threshold for passing the national examinations at primary and general education levels has been increased. To be certified as passing the test, a pupil must achieve at least 15% of the maximum mark in the 2023 – 2024 school year and 20% in the 2024 – 2025 school year.
Beginning January 1, 2024, the minimum monthly salary for teachers will increase by 12.2%, rising from €1,224 to €1,374 for a 36-hour workweek. Additionally, preschool teachers will see a 23.1% increase in their minimum monthly salary, from €1,240 to €1,526 for a 40-hour workweek.
Education is a key priority in the 2024 budget. An additional €119.5 million will be allocated for education measures, including a significant salary increase for the lowest-paid teachers. Extra funds are also designated for higher education, science, and the transition to teaching in the national language.
Citations:
OECD. 2023. “PISA 2022 Results: Country Notes – Latvia.” https://www.oecd.org/publication/pisa-2022-results/country-notes/latvia-f58bca29#chapter-d1e11
OECD Education GPS. 2023. “Country Profile for Latvia.” https://gpseducation.oecd.org/CountryProfile?plotter=h5&primaryCountry=LVA&treshold=5&topic=EO
Izglītības un zinātnes ministrija. 2023. “Jaunais mācību gads iezīmējas ar pilnu pāreju uz jauno izglītības standartu.” https://www.izm.gov.lv/lv/jaunums/jaunais-macibu-gads-iezimejas-ar-pilnu-pareju-uz-jauno-izglitibas-standartu
Izglītības un zinātnes ministrija. 2023. “Nozīmīgākās izmaiņas izglītības nozarē 2024. gadā.” https://www.izm.gov.lv/lv/jaunums/nozimigakas-izmainas-izglitibas-nozare-2024-gada
Saeima. 2023. “Saeima pieņem 2024. gada valsts budžetu.” https://www.saeima.lv/lv/aktualitates/saeimas-zinas/32938-saeima-pienem-2024-gada-valsts-budzetu
The education system exhibits diverse enrollment patterns. Among 15- to 19-year-olds, 35% attend general upper secondary education, and 24% pursue vocational upper secondary education. Additionally, 24% are in lower secondary programs, with 7% in tertiary programs. Furthermore, among OECD and partner countries, Latvia boasts one of the highest shares of women graduates from tertiary programs. In 2021, 65.7% of graduates were women, ranking Latvia first out of 34 countries. These figures differ from the OECD average. Regarding vocational education and training (VET) qualifications among 25- to 34-year-olds, 29% in Latvia hold VET qualifications. Notably, 11% have not attained an upper secondary qualification, which is lower than the OECD average.
Earnings in Latvia are influenced by educational attainment. Workers aged 25 – 34 with vocational or post-secondary qualifications earn 16% more than those without upper secondary attainment. Conversely, those with general upper secondary or higher education enjoy even greater earning advantages.
In 2023, significant developments have taken place in Latvia’s education system. A new curriculum in Latvian has been introduced for educators in collaboration with the Latvian Language Teachers Association. The primary goal is to enhance Latvian language proficiency, especially in primary and secondary education. Moreover, revisions have been implemented in the design and technology curriculum, incorporating teaching content from Oxford University and focusing on providing educators with the necessary support.
The sports and health education curriculum is expanding and places considerable emphasis on motivating students to engage in physical activities and adopt a healthy lifestyle. Collaboration with various organizations and partners is pivotal in achieving this goal. Ensuring the availability of teaching materials is a top priority, encompassing guidelines for teachers, accessible resources, and thorough evaluation of teaching materials, particularly in the subjects of Latvian language and mathematics.
Looking ahead to the 2024 – 2025 school year, a new assessment approach will be introduced, addressing issues identified during the 2022 – 2023 examination session. Effective collaboration among school directors, educators, and municipal education specialists is essential for successful implementation. Furthermore, plans are underway to introduce a new monitoring test in natural sciences for 11th graders, with the potential for expansion to other subjects shortly. These initiatives reflect Latvia’s commitment to improving its education system.
For the 2023 – 2024 school year, the percentage threshold for passing the national examinations at primary and general education levels has been increased. To be certified as passing the test, a pupil must achieve at least 15% of the maximum mark in the 2023 – 2024 school year and 20% in the 2024 – 2025 school year.
Beginning January 1, 2024, the minimum monthly salary for teachers will increase by 12.2%, rising from €1,224 to €1,374 for a 36-hour workweek. Additionally, preschool teachers will see a 23.1% increase in their minimum monthly salary, from €1,240 to €1,526 for a 40-hour workweek.
Education is a key priority in the 2024 budget. An additional €119.5 million will be allocated for education measures, including a significant salary increase for the lowest-paid teachers. Extra funds are also designated for higher education, science, and the transition to teaching in the national language.
Citations:
OECD. 2023. “PISA 2022 Results: Country Notes – Latvia.” https://www.oecd.org/publication/pisa-2022-results/country-notes/latvia-f58bca29#chapter-d1e11
OECD Education GPS. 2023. “Country Profile for Latvia.” https://gpseducation.oecd.org/CountryProfile?plotter=h5&primaryCountry=LVA&treshold=5&topic=EO
Izglītības un zinātnes ministrija. 2023. “Jaunais mācību gads iezīmējas ar pilnu pāreju uz jauno izglītības standartu.” https://www.izm.gov.lv/lv/jaunums/jaunais-macibu-gads-iezimejas-ar-pilnu-pareju-uz-jauno-izglitibas-standartu
Izglītības un zinātnes ministrija. 2023. “Nozīmīgākās izmaiņas izglītības nozarē 2024. gadā.” https://www.izm.gov.lv/lv/jaunums/nozimigakas-izmainas-izglitibas-nozare-2024-gada
Saeima. 2023. “Saeima pieņem 2024. gada valsts budžetu.” https://www.saeima.lv/lv/aktualitates/saeimas-zinas/32938-saeima-pienem-2024-gada-valsts-budzetu
To what extent does the current policy approach in the education system hinder or facilitate equitable access to high-quality education and training?
10
9
9
Education policies are fully aligned with the goal of ensuring equitable access to high-quality education and training.
8
7
6
7
6
Education policies are largely aligned with the goal of ensuring equitable access to high-quality education and training.
5
4
3
4
3
Education policies are only somewhat aligned with the goal of ensuring equitable access to high-quality education and training.
2
1
1
Education policies are not at all aligned with the goal of ensuring equitable access to high-quality education and training.
In 2024 the Ministry of Education continued developing a school network plan with a focus on setting criteria for accessibility. For students in grades 1-6, the principle of “Education Closer to Home” is proposed, where the travel time to and from school should not exceed 40 minutes using municipal transportation. In contrast, for students in grades 7-12, the distance between schools should not exceed 25 kilometers.
Additionally, the ministry’s comprehensive solutions include introducing specific criteria to determine the establishment of good schools and optimal class groups, considering student density in municipalities. The requirements are recommended for grades 1-6, but combined classes are not allowed at this education level.
Conversely, for grades 7 – 12, the criteria are mandatory for all municipalities. The Ministry of Education’s plan stipulates that in capital cities and administrative centers, there should be a minimum of 120 students in all four class groups. In municipalities outside administrative centers, there should be a minimum of 30 students in grades 1 – 3 and 4 – 6, and 60 in grades 7 – 9 and 10 – 12. In border and sparsely populated municipalities, there should be a minimum of 30 students in three class groups up to the 9th grade and 60 students in high school. It is worth noting that representatives from the education sector have expressed a desire for significantly lower criteria.
Citations:
Ministru kabinets. 2023. “Kompleksi risinājumi augstvērtīgai izglītības nodrošināšanai vispārējā pamata un vidējā izglītībā.” https://tapportals.mk.gov.lv/legal_acts/b99cad00-260e-4139-8757-376634d98862
Additionally, the ministry’s comprehensive solutions include introducing specific criteria to determine the establishment of good schools and optimal class groups, considering student density in municipalities. The requirements are recommended for grades 1-6, but combined classes are not allowed at this education level.
Conversely, for grades 7 – 12, the criteria are mandatory for all municipalities. The Ministry of Education’s plan stipulates that in capital cities and administrative centers, there should be a minimum of 120 students in all four class groups. In municipalities outside administrative centers, there should be a minimum of 30 students in grades 1 – 3 and 4 – 6, and 60 in grades 7 – 9 and 10 – 12. In border and sparsely populated municipalities, there should be a minimum of 30 students in three class groups up to the 9th grade and 60 students in high school. It is worth noting that representatives from the education sector have expressed a desire for significantly lower criteria.
Citations:
Ministru kabinets. 2023. “Kompleksi risinājumi augstvērtīgai izglītības nodrošināšanai vispārējā pamata un vidējā izglītībā.” https://tapportals.mk.gov.lv/legal_acts/b99cad00-260e-4139-8757-376634d98862
Graph View
To what extent do existing institutions ensure equal access to essential services and basic income support for those in need?
10
9
9
Existing essential public services and basic income support are fully aligned with the goal of ensuring equal access for those in need.
8
7
6
7
6
Existing essential public services and basic income support are largely aligned with the goal of ensuring equal access for those in need.
5
4
3
4
3
Existing essential public services and basic income support are only somewhat aligned with the goal of ensuring equal access for those in need.
2
1
1
Existing essential public services and basic income support are not at all aligned with the goal of ensuring equal access for those in need.
In recent years, there has been a gradual reduction in both material and social deprivation levels, reaching the lowest point in 2021. However, in 2022, deprivation levels resurged. Since 2021, the proportion of the population experiencing material and social deprivation increased by three percentage points, reaching 14.1% in 2022. Additionally, the proportion of the population facing deep material and social deprivation rose by 2.5 points to 7.8% in 2022.
Material and social deprivation predominantly affected those in the lowest income brackets. Individuals under the age of 49 faced considerably lower risks of material and social deprivation compared to their older counterparts. In 2022, 18.1% of individuals aged 50–64 experienced material and social deprivation, marking a 2.3 percentage point increase from 2021. Additionally, 9.9% of this age group faced severe material and social deprivation, up by 1.8 percentage points from the previous year.
As of July 1, 2023, the guaranteed minimum income threshold is set at 20% of the median income, which amounts to €125 for the first or only person in a household and €87.50 for each additional person. However, the ombudsman points out that increasing the minimum income threshold from €109 to €125 in 2023 is insufficient to ensure a life compatible with human dignity.
The government plans to implement support measures to assist residents with the rising costs of energy resources. These measures will target low- and medium-income households, as well as all families, to limit the tariff increase of “Sadales tīkls.”
Citations:
Centrālā statistikas pārvalde. 2023. Materiālā nenodrošinātība Latvijā 2022. gadā. Informatīvais apskats. https://admin.stat.gov.lv/system/files/publication/2023-03/Nr_06_Materiala_nenodrosinatiba_Latvija_2022_%2823_00%29_LV.pdf
Tiesībsargs. 2023. 2022. gada ziņojums. https://www.tiesibsargs.lv/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/tiesibsarga_2022_gada_zinojums.pdf
Ministru kabinets. 2023. “Valsts atbalsts iedzīvotājiem energoresursu cenu pieauguma kompensācijai.” https://www.mk.gov.lv/lv/valsts-atbalsts-iedzivotajiem-energoresursu-cenu-pieauguma-kompensacijai
Material and social deprivation predominantly affected those in the lowest income brackets. Individuals under the age of 49 faced considerably lower risks of material and social deprivation compared to their older counterparts. In 2022, 18.1% of individuals aged 50–64 experienced material and social deprivation, marking a 2.3 percentage point increase from 2021. Additionally, 9.9% of this age group faced severe material and social deprivation, up by 1.8 percentage points from the previous year.
As of July 1, 2023, the guaranteed minimum income threshold is set at 20% of the median income, which amounts to €125 for the first or only person in a household and €87.50 for each additional person. However, the ombudsman points out that increasing the minimum income threshold from €109 to €125 in 2023 is insufficient to ensure a life compatible with human dignity.
The government plans to implement support measures to assist residents with the rising costs of energy resources. These measures will target low- and medium-income households, as well as all families, to limit the tariff increase of “Sadales tīkls.”
Citations:
Centrālā statistikas pārvalde. 2023. Materiālā nenodrošinātība Latvijā 2022. gadā. Informatīvais apskats. https://admin.stat.gov.lv/system/files/publication/2023-03/Nr_06_Materiala_nenodrosinatiba_Latvija_2022_%2823_00%29_LV.pdf
Tiesībsargs. 2023. 2022. gada ziņojums. https://www.tiesibsargs.lv/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/tiesibsarga_2022_gada_zinojums.pdf
Ministru kabinets. 2023. “Valsts atbalsts iedzīvotājiem energoresursu cenu pieauguma kompensācijai.” https://www.mk.gov.lv/lv/valsts-atbalsts-iedzivotajiem-energoresursu-cenu-pieauguma-kompensacijai
To what extent do existing institutions and policies ensure high-quality services and basic income support?
10
9
9
Existing essential public services and basic income support are fully aligned with the goal of satisfying basic human needs.
8
7
6
7
6
Existing essential public services and basic income support are largely aligned with the goal of satisfying basic human needs.
5
4
3
4
3
Existing essential public services and basic income support are only somewhat aligned with the goal of satisfying basic human needs.
2
1
1
Existing essential public services and basic income support are not at all aligned with the goal of satisfying basic human needs.
The Social Services Improvement and Development Plan 2022 – 2024 has been designed to facilitate the effective development of social services that cater to the needs of individuals.
The Public Utilities Commission ensures that the service quality of regulated companies adheres to specific standards. For instance, in Latvia, electricity consumers who experience poor voltage quality are eligible for a reduced system service tariff. Last year, this concession was extended to 129 users. Additionally, the Public Utilities Commission oversees the service quality of internet, voice, SMS, and television program distribution. The commission updated its methodology to enhance the accuracy and clarity of service quality assessments, which was implemented in October.
Beginning in January 2024, Latvia will raise the thresholds for guaranteed minimum income (GMI) and other social assistance to align them with the median income. For 2024, the GMI threshold for the first or sole person in a household will be €137 (up from €125), with additional household members at €96 (previously €87.50). The thresholds for poor and less well-off households will also increase, with the maximum income threshold set at €549 for the first or sole person and €384 for additional members.
In Latvia, municipal social assistance comprises two primary benefits based on household income: the Guaranteed Minimum Income (GMI) and housing benefit. The GMI benefit fills the gap between household income and the GMI threshold. Housing benefit calculations apply different household coefficients based on their composition, such as pensioners living alone or households with disabled members. These coefficients vary from 2.5 for a pensioner or disabled person living alone, two for households of only retirement age or disabled persons, two for households with pension-age or disabled persons and children, and 1.5 for other households.
Income thresholds for poor and low-income households vary, with each municipality setting its low-income threshold at a maximum of 80% of the median income. Changes in 2024 include an increase in these income thresholds, exemplified by amendments in Riga that raise the low-income threshold, potentially benefiting more residents. In the second half of 2023, the low-income threshold in Riga was 70% of the median income – €439 for the first or only person, and €307 for each additional person. In 2024, the income threshold for a low-income household in Riga will be €549 for the first or only person, €68 more than the current threshold, and €384 for each additional person in the household. Citizens can verify their eligibility for social assistance with their local municipality.
Citations:
Ministru kabinets. 2022. “Par Sociālo pakalpojumu pilnveidošanas un attīstības plānu 2022.-2024. gadam.” https://www.mk.gov.lv/lv/valsts-atbalsts-iedzivotajiem-energoresursu-cenu-pieauguma-kompensacijai
Sabiedrisko Pakalpojumu Regulēšanas Komisija. 2023. Gada pārskats 2022. https://www.sprk.gov.lv/sites/default/files/editor/SPRK_gada_parskats_2022_.pdf.
Rīgas valstspilsētas pašvaldības Labklājības departaments. “Maznodrošinātas mājsaimniecības statuss.” https://ld.riga.lv/lv/sociala-palidziba/maznodrosinata-statuss.html
LV portāls. 2023. “GMI un citu sociālās palīdzības minimālo ienākumu sliekšņi 2024. gadā kļūst augstāki.” https://lvportals.lv/skaidrojumi/358761-gmi-un-citu-socialas-palidzibas-minimalo-ienakumu-slieksni-2024-gada-klus-augstaki-2023
The Public Utilities Commission ensures that the service quality of regulated companies adheres to specific standards. For instance, in Latvia, electricity consumers who experience poor voltage quality are eligible for a reduced system service tariff. Last year, this concession was extended to 129 users. Additionally, the Public Utilities Commission oversees the service quality of internet, voice, SMS, and television program distribution. The commission updated its methodology to enhance the accuracy and clarity of service quality assessments, which was implemented in October.
Beginning in January 2024, Latvia will raise the thresholds for guaranteed minimum income (GMI) and other social assistance to align them with the median income. For 2024, the GMI threshold for the first or sole person in a household will be €137 (up from €125), with additional household members at €96 (previously €87.50). The thresholds for poor and less well-off households will also increase, with the maximum income threshold set at €549 for the first or sole person and €384 for additional members.
In Latvia, municipal social assistance comprises two primary benefits based on household income: the Guaranteed Minimum Income (GMI) and housing benefit. The GMI benefit fills the gap between household income and the GMI threshold. Housing benefit calculations apply different household coefficients based on their composition, such as pensioners living alone or households with disabled members. These coefficients vary from 2.5 for a pensioner or disabled person living alone, two for households of only retirement age or disabled persons, two for households with pension-age or disabled persons and children, and 1.5 for other households.
Income thresholds for poor and low-income households vary, with each municipality setting its low-income threshold at a maximum of 80% of the median income. Changes in 2024 include an increase in these income thresholds, exemplified by amendments in Riga that raise the low-income threshold, potentially benefiting more residents. In the second half of 2023, the low-income threshold in Riga was 70% of the median income – €439 for the first or only person, and €307 for each additional person. In 2024, the income threshold for a low-income household in Riga will be €549 for the first or only person, €68 more than the current threshold, and €384 for each additional person in the household. Citizens can verify their eligibility for social assistance with their local municipality.
Citations:
Ministru kabinets. 2022. “Par Sociālo pakalpojumu pilnveidošanas un attīstības plānu 2022.-2024. gadam.” https://www.mk.gov.lv/lv/valsts-atbalsts-iedzivotajiem-energoresursu-cenu-pieauguma-kompensacijai
Sabiedrisko Pakalpojumu Regulēšanas Komisija. 2023. Gada pārskats 2022. https://www.sprk.gov.lv/sites/default/files/editor/SPRK_gada_parskats_2022_.pdf.
Rīgas valstspilsētas pašvaldības Labklājības departaments. “Maznodrošinātas mājsaimniecības statuss.” https://ld.riga.lv/lv/sociala-palidziba/maznodrosinata-statuss.html
LV portāls. 2023. “GMI un citu sociālās palīdzības minimālo ienākumu sliekšņi 2024. gadā kļūst augstāki.” https://lvportals.lv/skaidrojumi/358761-gmi-un-citu-socialas-palidzibas-minimalo-ienakumu-slieksni-2024-gada-klus-augstaki-2023
Graph View
To what extent does current health policy hinder or facilitate health system resilience?
10
9
9
Health policies are fully aligned with the goal of achieving a resilient health system.
8
7
6
7
6
Health policies are largely aligned with the goal of achieving a resilient health system.
5
4
3
4
3
Health policies are only somewhat aligned with the goal of achieving a resilient health system.
2
1
1
Health policies are not at all aligned with the goal of achieving a resilient health system.
Healthcare services are financed through various means – the state budget, private insurance, or out-of-pocket payments by patients. Patients make a co-payment for state-funded services, which is a small portion of the total cost, while the state covers the majority based on national service tariffs. For those with health insurance, the coverage for specific services depends on the terms of their policy.
In 2023, the Latvian government approved a budget law that allocates €1.6 billion to the health sector. Of this amount, €1.35 billion is designated for outpatient and inpatient healthcare services, including general practice, laboratory tests, specialist consultations, emergency services, and medication. Specialized healthcare will receive €124 million, covering emergency medical services, blood services, forensic examinations, and anti-doping policies. Higher medical education is allocated €59 million, while healthcare finance administration and the Medical Risk Fund will receive €15 million. For disease prevention, health promotion, and healthcare service supervision, €11.3 million is planned. Additionally, €32.3 million is allocated for European Structural Fund projects and €5.6 million for sector management. An additional €85.8 million has been allocated for 2023 to address specific healthcare challenges (Veselības ministrija, 2023).
While a core set of healthcare services covers the entire population, satisfaction with the quality and availability of healthcare is relatively low. Only 57% of the population is satisfied, compared to the OECD average of 67%. This discrepancy suggests potential gaps in healthcare quality or accessibility. One in ten people did not visit a doctor in 2022. Additionally, 27% reported not visiting due to long wait times, while 25% cited affordability issues.
Financially, Latvia’s healthcare system relies less on mandatory prepayment (69%) compared to the OECD average of 76%, reflecting a higher dependence on out-of-pocket spending. This is further demonstrated by 4% of Latvians reporting unmet healthcare needs, surpassing the OECD average of 2.3%.
Analyzing life expectancy and health outcomes, Latvia faces significant challenges. The average life expectancy is 73.1 years, which is 7.2 years lower than the OECD average. The country also experiences higher rates of preventable and treatable mortality, indicating potential inefficiencies in healthcare provision or public health measures. The perceived health status is concerning as well, with 13.1% of the population rating their health as bad or very bad, notably higher than the OECD average of 7.9%.
Expenditure of $3,445 per capita on health is below the OECD average of $4,986, equating to 8.8% of GDP compared to the OECD average of 9.2%. This lower investment is evident in the healthcare workforce, as Latvia has fewer practicing doctors and nurses per 1,000 population than the OECD average. However, it compensates somewhat with a higher number of hospital beds. This imbalance in healthcare resources and expenditure could contribute to the country’s overall health challenges.
Latvia has adapted its healthcare system in response to the COVID-19 pandemic and other recent crises. This adaptation includes policies aimed at mitigating impacts on healthcare service delivery and investing in system recovery and resilience. The pandemic led to significant changes in hospital occupancy and service provision, trends that mirror those across the EU. Latvia’s COVID-19 booster vaccination rates, especially among older adults, have been notably lower than the EU average.
Despite having one of the lowest healthcare spending levels in the EU, Latvia has seen an increase in public health expenditure in recent years, aided by higher social security contributions and targeted funding. Substantial investments in healthcare infrastructure, digitalization, and workforce development are planned and funded through the Recovery and Resilience Facility and EU Cohesion Policy funds. The country is undergoing a primary healthcare reform to enhance service provision, accessibility, and workforce capabilities.
Additionally, Latvia focuses on combating antimicrobial resistance, with one of the lowest antibiotic consumption rates in the EU and national strategies for responsible antibiotic use.
As of January 1, 2024, mobile palliative care team services have been available at the patient’s residence (henceforth referred to as the service). This service includes healthcare services, such as treatment and alleviation of symptoms caused by illness, social care, and psychosocial rehabilitation services. These encompass hospice care, psychological support, social support, spiritual support, and assistance for the patient’s relatives and others during the grieving period following the loss of a loved one.
Accessing the Ehealth portal now involves changes to the authentication process to enhance system security. The shift to qualified identification tools is designed to secure access to personal health data, thereby strengthening the overall security of the Ehealth system and protecting personal data.
Regarding differences in medication prices in the Baltic States, the ombudsman addressed the issue of significant price variations. A study published by the Ministry of Health (Conceptual Report on the Financial Accessibility of Medicines, July 27, 2022) outlined the reasons for high medication prices in Latvia and proposed solutions. The ombudsman continues to monitor the issue and raises it at the government level when necessary.
Citations:
Nacionālais veselības dienests. 2023. “Par veselības aprūpi Latvijā.” https://www.vmnvd.gov.lv/lv/par-veselibas-aprupi-latvija
Veselības ministrija. 2023. “Veselības nozares finansējums 2023. gadā – 1.6 miljardi eiro; prioritātes – onkoloģija, bērnu veselības aprūpe un ārstniecības personu atalgojuma palielinājums.” https://www.vm.gov.lv/lv/jaunums/veselibas-nozares-finansejums-2023-gada-16-miljardi-eiro-prioritates-onkologija-bernu-veselibas-aprupe-un-arstniecibas-personu-atalgojuma-palielinajums
OECD. 2023. “Health at a Glance: Latvia.” https://www.oecd.org/latvia/health-at-a-glance-Latvia-EN.pdf
Centrālā statistikas pārvalde. 2023. “Veselības pašvērtējums.” https://stat.gov.lv/lv/statistikas-temas/soc-aizsardziba-veseliba/veselibas-pasvertejums/publikacijas-un-infografikas-0
OECD. 2023. “Health at a Glance: Latvia.” https://www.oecd.org/latvia/health-at-a-glance-Latvia-EN.pdf
Nacionālais veselības dienests. 2023. “Paliatīvās aprūpes mobilo komandu pakalpojumi pacienta dzīvesvietā.” https://www.vmnvd.gov.lv/lv/jaunums/paliativas-aprupes-mobilas-komandas-pakalpojumi-pacienta-dzivesvieta
Nacionālais veselības dienests. 2023. “Atgādina par pieslēgšanās izmaiņām E-veselībā no 1. janvāra.” https://www.vmnvd.gov.lv/lv/jaunums/atgadina-par-pieslegsanas-izmainam-e-veseliba-no-1-janvara
Tiesībsargs. 2023. 2022. gada ziņojums. https://www.tiesibsargs.lv/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/tiesibsarga_2022_gada_zinojums.pdf
In 2023, the Latvian government approved a budget law that allocates €1.6 billion to the health sector. Of this amount, €1.35 billion is designated for outpatient and inpatient healthcare services, including general practice, laboratory tests, specialist consultations, emergency services, and medication. Specialized healthcare will receive €124 million, covering emergency medical services, blood services, forensic examinations, and anti-doping policies. Higher medical education is allocated €59 million, while healthcare finance administration and the Medical Risk Fund will receive €15 million. For disease prevention, health promotion, and healthcare service supervision, €11.3 million is planned. Additionally, €32.3 million is allocated for European Structural Fund projects and €5.6 million for sector management. An additional €85.8 million has been allocated for 2023 to address specific healthcare challenges (Veselības ministrija, 2023).
While a core set of healthcare services covers the entire population, satisfaction with the quality and availability of healthcare is relatively low. Only 57% of the population is satisfied, compared to the OECD average of 67%. This discrepancy suggests potential gaps in healthcare quality or accessibility. One in ten people did not visit a doctor in 2022. Additionally, 27% reported not visiting due to long wait times, while 25% cited affordability issues.
Financially, Latvia’s healthcare system relies less on mandatory prepayment (69%) compared to the OECD average of 76%, reflecting a higher dependence on out-of-pocket spending. This is further demonstrated by 4% of Latvians reporting unmet healthcare needs, surpassing the OECD average of 2.3%.
Analyzing life expectancy and health outcomes, Latvia faces significant challenges. The average life expectancy is 73.1 years, which is 7.2 years lower than the OECD average. The country also experiences higher rates of preventable and treatable mortality, indicating potential inefficiencies in healthcare provision or public health measures. The perceived health status is concerning as well, with 13.1% of the population rating their health as bad or very bad, notably higher than the OECD average of 7.9%.
Expenditure of $3,445 per capita on health is below the OECD average of $4,986, equating to 8.8% of GDP compared to the OECD average of 9.2%. This lower investment is evident in the healthcare workforce, as Latvia has fewer practicing doctors and nurses per 1,000 population than the OECD average. However, it compensates somewhat with a higher number of hospital beds. This imbalance in healthcare resources and expenditure could contribute to the country’s overall health challenges.
Latvia has adapted its healthcare system in response to the COVID-19 pandemic and other recent crises. This adaptation includes policies aimed at mitigating impacts on healthcare service delivery and investing in system recovery and resilience. The pandemic led to significant changes in hospital occupancy and service provision, trends that mirror those across the EU. Latvia’s COVID-19 booster vaccination rates, especially among older adults, have been notably lower than the EU average.
Despite having one of the lowest healthcare spending levels in the EU, Latvia has seen an increase in public health expenditure in recent years, aided by higher social security contributions and targeted funding. Substantial investments in healthcare infrastructure, digitalization, and workforce development are planned and funded through the Recovery and Resilience Facility and EU Cohesion Policy funds. The country is undergoing a primary healthcare reform to enhance service provision, accessibility, and workforce capabilities.
Additionally, Latvia focuses on combating antimicrobial resistance, with one of the lowest antibiotic consumption rates in the EU and national strategies for responsible antibiotic use.
As of January 1, 2024, mobile palliative care team services have been available at the patient’s residence (henceforth referred to as the service). This service includes healthcare services, such as treatment and alleviation of symptoms caused by illness, social care, and psychosocial rehabilitation services. These encompass hospice care, psychological support, social support, spiritual support, and assistance for the patient’s relatives and others during the grieving period following the loss of a loved one.
Accessing the Ehealth portal now involves changes to the authentication process to enhance system security. The shift to qualified identification tools is designed to secure access to personal health data, thereby strengthening the overall security of the Ehealth system and protecting personal data.
Regarding differences in medication prices in the Baltic States, the ombudsman addressed the issue of significant price variations. A study published by the Ministry of Health (Conceptual Report on the Financial Accessibility of Medicines, July 27, 2022) outlined the reasons for high medication prices in Latvia and proposed solutions. The ombudsman continues to monitor the issue and raises it at the government level when necessary.
Citations:
Nacionālais veselības dienests. 2023. “Par veselības aprūpi Latvijā.” https://www.vmnvd.gov.lv/lv/par-veselibas-aprupi-latvija
Veselības ministrija. 2023. “Veselības nozares finansējums 2023. gadā – 1.6 miljardi eiro; prioritātes – onkoloģija, bērnu veselības aprūpe un ārstniecības personu atalgojuma palielinājums.” https://www.vm.gov.lv/lv/jaunums/veselibas-nozares-finansejums-2023-gada-16-miljardi-eiro-prioritates-onkologija-bernu-veselibas-aprupe-un-arstniecibas-personu-atalgojuma-palielinajums
OECD. 2023. “Health at a Glance: Latvia.” https://www.oecd.org/latvia/health-at-a-glance-Latvia-EN.pdf
Centrālā statistikas pārvalde. 2023. “Veselības pašvērtējums.” https://stat.gov.lv/lv/statistikas-temas/soc-aizsardziba-veseliba/veselibas-pasvertejums/publikacijas-un-infografikas-0
OECD. 2023. “Health at a Glance: Latvia.” https://www.oecd.org/latvia/health-at-a-glance-Latvia-EN.pdf
Nacionālais veselības dienests. 2023. “Paliatīvās aprūpes mobilo komandu pakalpojumi pacienta dzīvesvietā.” https://www.vmnvd.gov.lv/lv/jaunums/paliativas-aprupes-mobilas-komandas-pakalpojumi-pacienta-dzivesvieta
Nacionālais veselības dienests. 2023. “Atgādina par pieslēgšanās izmaiņām E-veselībā no 1. janvāra.” https://www.vmnvd.gov.lv/lv/jaunums/atgadina-par-pieslegsanas-izmainam-e-veseliba-no-1-janvara
Tiesībsargs. 2023. 2022. gada ziņojums. https://www.tiesibsargs.lv/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/tiesibsarga_2022_gada_zinojums.pdf
To what extent does current health policy hinder or facilitate achieving high-quality healthcare?
10
9
9
Health policies are fully aligned with the goal of achieving high-quality healthcare.
8
7
6
7
6
Health policies are largely aligned with the goal of achieving high-quality healthcare.
5
4
3
4
3
Health policies are only somewhat aligned with the goal of achieving high-quality healthcare.
2
1
1
Health policies are not at all aligned with the goal of achieving high-quality healthcare.
The ombudsman, previously in 2021, again approached the Ministry of Health regarding patients who require 24-hour care and support in stationary healthcare institutions. A solution is needed to ensure adequate care for these patients, prevent health deterioration, and respect human dignity in healthcare. As of November 2022, the National Health Service’s service name “Accompanying Person’s Presence with the Patient in Round-the-Clock Rehabilitation Institution or with a Child in a 24-hour Stationery” was changed to “Accompanying Person’s Presence with the Patient in a 24-hour Stationery,” making it possible for an accompanying person to be present when necessary for the patient’s continuous care.
Citations:
Tiesībsargs. 2023. “2022. gada ziņojums.” https://www.tiesibsargs.lv/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/tiesibsarga_2022_gada_zinojums.pdf
Citations:
Tiesībsargs. 2023. “2022. gada ziņojums.” https://www.tiesibsargs.lv/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/tiesibsarga_2022_gada_zinojums.pdf
To what extent does current health policy hinder or facilitate equitable access to high-quality healthcare?
10
9
9
Health policies are fully aligned with the goal of achieving equitable access to high-quality healthcare.
8
7
6
7
6
Health policies are largely aligned with the goal of achieving equitable access to high-quality healthcare.
5
4
3
4
3
Health policies are only somewhat aligned with the goal of achieving equitable access to high-quality healthcare.
2
1
1
Health policies are not at all aligned with the goal of achieving equitable access to high-quality healthcare.
Latvia has shown a commitment to enhancing its healthcare system, as evidenced by the increasing allocation of its GDP to health expenditure. This upward trend is clear, with incremental rises observed annually. The allocation climbed to 6.2% in 2016, dipped slightly to 6.0% in 2017, rebounded to 6.2% in 2018, and escalated to 6.6% in 2019 and 7.2% in 2020. Notably, in 2021, health expenditure surged to 9.0% of GDP. However, in 2022, there was a marginal reduction, bringing it down to 8.8%.
Concurrently, the healthcare workforce saw growth in 2022, with the number of medical professionals per 1,000 inhabitants increasing to 28.1 from 26.98 in 2021. This reflects a recent improvement in the country’s healthcare resources.
A 2020 survey by the National Health Service of Latvia gauged patient satisfaction with its services. The findings revealed varying levels of satisfaction across different healthcare offerings. Higher satisfaction rates were reported for services such as exemption from co-payments and the provision of patient information. In contrast, there was greater dissatisfaction with areas like medication compensation and consultations regarding healthcare service payments.
Latvia has a significant gender disparity in its aging population. Although boys outnumber girls at birth, women constitute a larger portion of the population over 40, with the highest female population proportion in the EU at 54%. According to 2022 data, 56% of men and 45.7% of women rated their health as good or very good. The lower self-assessment among women is attributed to the greater proportion of older women. Among those aged 65 and older, women are 3.8 percentage points less likely to rate their health positively compared to men.
In 2022, 70.3% of men and 83.0% of women visited a family doctor at least once. However, 8.0% of men and 10.9% of women reported not undergoing necessary medical check-ups or treatments for various reasons, including 23.7% of men and 25.5% of women who couldn’t afford them. Latvia scores 78.9 points on the EU Gender Equality Index in the health domain, which is lower than the EU average of 88.5. This score is impacted by women’s lower health self-assessment and a smaller proportion of women engaging in physical activities.
Addressing inequality and fostering social inclusion are pivotal objectives outlined in the Public Health Guidelines for 2021–2027. These guidelines highlight that access to healthcare is compromised by insufficient public financial contributions and significant direct payments by patients. These factors are substantial hindrances to accessing timely and patient-centric healthcare.
The ombudsman’s 2022 report highlights recurring issues with the accessibility of medical services. During visits to the branches of four state social care centers for children, the ombudsman noted concerns about respect for children’s rights, the provision of social and medical rehabilitation, and access to healthcare. One of the main findings was that existing institutional care cannot provide children with developmentally appropriate services and support needed for full societal integration.
Regarding the assurance of healthcare service availability, while local government law mandates the involvement of municipalities, the definitions of their roles need more precise descriptions. Although municipalities are assigned the autonomous function of ensuring healthcare service availability, interpretations vary. Consequently, the degree of involvement by each local authority in providing accessible healthcare varies greatly, heavily dependent on the financial resources available to the municipality.
In 2023, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention developed guidelines for municipalities to promote health. These guidelines include information on key concepts, principles, and process descriptions for municipalities to encourage better health.
This situation calls for a unified approach and precise definitions of local governments’ responsibilities to ensure disparities in healthcare service availability across municipalities are addressed, contributing to a more equitable healthcare system throughout Latvia.
Citations:
OECD. 2023. “Health Systems Resilience.” https://www.oecd.org/health/health-systems-resilience.htm
Health Care Financing Law. https://likumi.lv/ta/en/en/id/296188-health-care-financing-law
OECD. 2022. “Healthcare resources.” https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=HEALTH_REAC
OECD. 2022. “Healthcare Expenditure and Financing.” https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=SHA
Ministru kabinets. 2022. Sabiedrības veselības pamatnostādnes 2021.-2027. gadam. https://likumi.lv/ta/id/332751-sabiedribas-veselibas-pamatnostadnes-2021-2027-gadam
Tiesībsargs. 2023. 2022. gada ziņojums. https://www.tiesibsargs.lv/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/tiesibsarga_2022_gada_zinojums.pdf
Concurrently, the healthcare workforce saw growth in 2022, with the number of medical professionals per 1,000 inhabitants increasing to 28.1 from 26.98 in 2021. This reflects a recent improvement in the country’s healthcare resources.
A 2020 survey by the National Health Service of Latvia gauged patient satisfaction with its services. The findings revealed varying levels of satisfaction across different healthcare offerings. Higher satisfaction rates were reported for services such as exemption from co-payments and the provision of patient information. In contrast, there was greater dissatisfaction with areas like medication compensation and consultations regarding healthcare service payments.
Latvia has a significant gender disparity in its aging population. Although boys outnumber girls at birth, women constitute a larger portion of the population over 40, with the highest female population proportion in the EU at 54%. According to 2022 data, 56% of men and 45.7% of women rated their health as good or very good. The lower self-assessment among women is attributed to the greater proportion of older women. Among those aged 65 and older, women are 3.8 percentage points less likely to rate their health positively compared to men.
In 2022, 70.3% of men and 83.0% of women visited a family doctor at least once. However, 8.0% of men and 10.9% of women reported not undergoing necessary medical check-ups or treatments for various reasons, including 23.7% of men and 25.5% of women who couldn’t afford them. Latvia scores 78.9 points on the EU Gender Equality Index in the health domain, which is lower than the EU average of 88.5. This score is impacted by women’s lower health self-assessment and a smaller proportion of women engaging in physical activities.
Addressing inequality and fostering social inclusion are pivotal objectives outlined in the Public Health Guidelines for 2021–2027. These guidelines highlight that access to healthcare is compromised by insufficient public financial contributions and significant direct payments by patients. These factors are substantial hindrances to accessing timely and patient-centric healthcare.
The ombudsman’s 2022 report highlights recurring issues with the accessibility of medical services. During visits to the branches of four state social care centers for children, the ombudsman noted concerns about respect for children’s rights, the provision of social and medical rehabilitation, and access to healthcare. One of the main findings was that existing institutional care cannot provide children with developmentally appropriate services and support needed for full societal integration.
Regarding the assurance of healthcare service availability, while local government law mandates the involvement of municipalities, the definitions of their roles need more precise descriptions. Although municipalities are assigned the autonomous function of ensuring healthcare service availability, interpretations vary. Consequently, the degree of involvement by each local authority in providing accessible healthcare varies greatly, heavily dependent on the financial resources available to the municipality.
In 2023, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention developed guidelines for municipalities to promote health. These guidelines include information on key concepts, principles, and process descriptions for municipalities to encourage better health.
This situation calls for a unified approach and precise definitions of local governments’ responsibilities to ensure disparities in healthcare service availability across municipalities are addressed, contributing to a more equitable healthcare system throughout Latvia.
Citations:
OECD. 2023. “Health Systems Resilience.” https://www.oecd.org/health/health-systems-resilience.htm
Health Care Financing Law. https://likumi.lv/ta/en/en/id/296188-health-care-financing-law
OECD. 2022. “Healthcare resources.” https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=HEALTH_REAC
OECD. 2022. “Healthcare Expenditure and Financing.” https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=SHA
Ministru kabinets. 2022. Sabiedrības veselības pamatnostādnes 2021.-2027. gadam. https://likumi.lv/ta/id/332751-sabiedribas-veselibas-pamatnostadnes-2021-2027-gadam
Tiesībsargs. 2023. 2022. gada ziņojums. https://www.tiesibsargs.lv/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/tiesibsarga_2022_gada_zinojums.pdf
Graph View
How committed is the government to ensuring gender equality in all respects?
10
9
9
The government is clearly committed to the goal of ensuring gender equality.
8
7
6
7
6
The government is largely committed to the goal of ensuring gender equality.
5
4
3
4
3
The government is only somewhat committed to the goal of ensuring gender equality.
2
1
1
The government is not at all committed to the goal of ensuring gender equality.
As of early 2023, Latvia’s population stood at 1.883 million, with women constituting 53.7% of the total. Men outnumber women until age 43; however, among those older than 65, the number of women doubles that of men. In the reproductive age group (15 – 49 years), the gender ratio is nearly balanced.
The European Institute for Gender Equality (EIGE) rated Latvia’s gender equality at 61.5 in 2023, lower than the EU average (70.2) and Lithuania’s (64.1) but higher than Estonia’s (60.2). Since 2010, Latvia’s score has improved by 6.3 points, mainly due to advancements in power and finance.
In 2022, 40.6% of women and 25.4% of men aged 15 – 74 in Latvia had higher education, while more men had vocational training (33.7% of men vs. 26.6% of women). Despite EU and Latvian laws ensuring equal rights for men and women, gender disparities in the labor market persist. Men’s employment rate was 5.4 percentage points higher than women’s in 2022 (66.8% vs. 61.4%), with the most significant gap in the 35 – 44 age group. Post-retirement, women remain more active in the labor market.
Women are often employed in lower-paid sectors and public sector jobs. While they frequently hold leadership positions compared to the EU average, they are underrepresented on the boards of major companies, holding just 23.3% of these positions. Men dominate in industrial and transport sectors, while women are more prevalent in trade and education. In 2022, women’s average gross hourly earnings were 17.1% lower than men’s, with the smallest wage gap among youth (up to 25 years) and seniors (over 65).
Latvia has adopted an integrated approach to gender equality, incorporating it as a horizontal principle across all state-defined sectoral policies. This strategy ensures that every member of society benefits from the state’s economic growth and that decisions and priorities in various domains respect the principle of equal rights and opportunities for women and men.
The Concept for Implementing Gender Equality, approved in 2001, serves as the foundation for this approach, aiming to foster effective and coordinated solutions to gender equality issues in Latvia. The Concept identifies vital areas needing improvement, including macroeconomic policy, equal participation and representation, social life equality (especially in education, welfare, health, and addressing violence and sexual harassment), participation in civic society, changing gender roles and stereotypes, and improving the information base for gender equality analysis (Ministru Kabinets, 2021).
Despite policy developments, challenges remain, such as persistent gender pay gaps and stereotypes about gender roles. Efforts to harmonize work and private life, particularly in promoting fatherhood roles, have been significant. However, a comprehensive understanding of gender equality principles across various policy areas is still developing due to limited financial and human resources.
In 2022, the ombudsman noted that sexism in advertising persists and that the current legal framework does not explicitly categorize sexism as discrimination, therefore failing to prohibit it effectively (Tiesībsargs 2023). Latvia has recognized the need to promote discussions about banning sexism in advertising, especially since self-regulation does not always function.
Citations:
Centrālā statistikas pārvalde. 2023. “Dzimumu līdztiesība.” https://admin.stat.gov.lv/system/files/publication/2023-12/Dzimumu_lidztiesiba_%2823_00%29_LV.pdf
European Institute for Gender Equality. 2023. “Gender Equality Index 2023 - Latvia.” https://eige.europa.eu/gender-equality-index/2023/country/LV
Ministru kabinets. 2021. “Par Sociālās aizsardzības un darba tirgus politikas pamatnostādnēm 2021.-2027. gadam.” https://likumi.lv/ta/id/325828-par-socialas-aizsardzibas-un-darba-tirgus-politikas-pamatnostadnem-2021-2027-gadam
Tiesībsargs. 2023. 2022. gada ziņojums. https://www.tiesibsargs.lv/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/tiesibsarga_2022_gada_zinojums.pdf
The European Institute for Gender Equality (EIGE) rated Latvia’s gender equality at 61.5 in 2023, lower than the EU average (70.2) and Lithuania’s (64.1) but higher than Estonia’s (60.2). Since 2010, Latvia’s score has improved by 6.3 points, mainly due to advancements in power and finance.
In 2022, 40.6% of women and 25.4% of men aged 15 – 74 in Latvia had higher education, while more men had vocational training (33.7% of men vs. 26.6% of women). Despite EU and Latvian laws ensuring equal rights for men and women, gender disparities in the labor market persist. Men’s employment rate was 5.4 percentage points higher than women’s in 2022 (66.8% vs. 61.4%), with the most significant gap in the 35 – 44 age group. Post-retirement, women remain more active in the labor market.
Women are often employed in lower-paid sectors and public sector jobs. While they frequently hold leadership positions compared to the EU average, they are underrepresented on the boards of major companies, holding just 23.3% of these positions. Men dominate in industrial and transport sectors, while women are more prevalent in trade and education. In 2022, women’s average gross hourly earnings were 17.1% lower than men’s, with the smallest wage gap among youth (up to 25 years) and seniors (over 65).
Latvia has adopted an integrated approach to gender equality, incorporating it as a horizontal principle across all state-defined sectoral policies. This strategy ensures that every member of society benefits from the state’s economic growth and that decisions and priorities in various domains respect the principle of equal rights and opportunities for women and men.
The Concept for Implementing Gender Equality, approved in 2001, serves as the foundation for this approach, aiming to foster effective and coordinated solutions to gender equality issues in Latvia. The Concept identifies vital areas needing improvement, including macroeconomic policy, equal participation and representation, social life equality (especially in education, welfare, health, and addressing violence and sexual harassment), participation in civic society, changing gender roles and stereotypes, and improving the information base for gender equality analysis (Ministru Kabinets, 2021).
Despite policy developments, challenges remain, such as persistent gender pay gaps and stereotypes about gender roles. Efforts to harmonize work and private life, particularly in promoting fatherhood roles, have been significant. However, a comprehensive understanding of gender equality principles across various policy areas is still developing due to limited financial and human resources.
In 2022, the ombudsman noted that sexism in advertising persists and that the current legal framework does not explicitly categorize sexism as discrimination, therefore failing to prohibit it effectively (Tiesībsargs 2023). Latvia has recognized the need to promote discussions about banning sexism in advertising, especially since self-regulation does not always function.
Citations:
Centrālā statistikas pārvalde. 2023. “Dzimumu līdztiesība.” https://admin.stat.gov.lv/system/files/publication/2023-12/Dzimumu_lidztiesiba_%2823_00%29_LV.pdf
European Institute for Gender Equality. 2023. “Gender Equality Index 2023 - Latvia.” https://eige.europa.eu/gender-equality-index/2023/country/LV
Ministru kabinets. 2021. “Par Sociālās aizsardzības un darba tirgus politikas pamatnostādnēm 2021.-2027. gadam.” https://likumi.lv/ta/id/325828-par-socialas-aizsardzibas-un-darba-tirgus-politikas-pamatnostadnem-2021-2027-gadam
Tiesībsargs. 2023. 2022. gada ziņojums. https://www.tiesibsargs.lv/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/tiesibsarga_2022_gada_zinojums.pdf
Graph View
To what extent does the current family policy approach support or hinder unpaid family care work?
10
9
9
Family policies are fully aligned with the goal of creating the conditions for strong families.
8
7
6
7
6
Family policies are largely aligned with the goal of creating the conditions for strong families.
5
4
3
4
3
Family policies are only somewhat aligned with the goal of creating the conditions for strong families.
2
1
1
Family policies are not at all aligned with the goal of creating family-friendly conditions.
Over the past decade, family policy has emerged as a significant political priority, reflecting an increased recognition of its importance in societal and governmental agendas. This area, specifically “children and family policy,” was first included in the ministerial cabinet’s regulations in 2002 under employment and social policy. The focus on this area has led to the development and implementation of various policies and programs aimed at supporting families.
For non-insured individuals in Latvia (those neither employed nor self-employed), benefits include a one-time childbirth benefit of €421.17 and child care benefits starting at €171 monthly (up to 1 year), reducing to €42.69 monthly (1.5 to 2 years). Family state benefits escalate with the number of children: €25 for one child, €100 for two, €225 for three, and €100 per child for four or more children. These benefits extend until the child reaches 20 years if they continue in general or vocational education and are unmarried. There are also specific provisions for children with disabilities.
In 2022, the family state benefit in Latvia was distributed to 353,000 children. Due to changes in allocation conditions, the benefit amount per child increased from €28.68 per month in 2021 to €49.13 per month in 2022. Additionally, the care benefit for children with disabilities was raised from €213.43 per month in 2018 to €313.43 per month starting July 1, 2019. The number of children receiving this benefit increased from 2,072 in 2018 to 3,023 in 2022.
For socially insured individuals, there are additional benefits. These include a maternity benefit of 80% of the average insured salary for 56 or 70 days before and after childbirth and a choice of parental benefits for 19 or 13 months at varying percentages of the average insured salary. The child care benefit for insured persons is €171 monthly, with additional parental benefits possible. The family state benefit structure is similar to that for non-insured individuals. Additionally, fathers are eligible for a paternity benefit, calculated at 80% of the average insured salary, based on 10 days of paternity leave granted within the child’s first six months.
Over the past decade, the percentage of people in Latvia leaving work to care for others has steadily declined from 2.1% in 2013 to 1.1% in 2022. The rates were at their lowest in 2018 and 2022, reaching 1.1%, despite a slight increase to 1.7% in 2021, which shows a brief rise before continuing to fall.
There are financial support mechanisms for families with children, including increases in state benefits and other assistance. In 2022, a one-time support payment of €500 per child was provided to all families with children, regardless of criteria such as income loss or the number of children, to ensure families in need were not excluded from receiving support due to COVID-19 restrictions.
The duration of the parental benefit has been extended to 19 months, an increase from the previous maximum of 18 months. Alternatively, it can be taken for 13 months, up from the previous 12 months. This change is in response to the European Directive, which mandates a two-month non-transferable portion of the benefit for the other parent, now incorporated into Latvian law. Consequently, the total parental allowance period now includes both the fundamental and non-transferable portions designated for each parent.
For a parental allowance period spanning 19 months, the payment will equate to 43.75% of the average salary contributions of the beneficiary. Within this timeframe, 15 months constitute the primary segment and must be utilized before the child turns one and a half years old. This segment encompasses the maternity benefit duration as well. In scenarios where the parental allowance spans 13 months, the payment will correspond to 60% of the average salary contributions. The core segment for this option is nine months, which should be used by the time the child is one year old. This, too, includes the duration of the maternity benefit.
Both parents can avail their non-transferable two-month share of the allowance any time until the child reaches eight years of age. The new policy reflects an expansion of the total parental leave by one month compared to the provisions available up to 2023.
To ensure universal access to affordable, accessible, and high-quality childcare for children below school age, data indicate that Latvia is taking steps to improve the family state benefit system, which may include support for childcare services. According to the Education Law, if a local government cannot offer a spot in a public kindergarten for a child aged one and a half or older who is registered within the municipality’s jurisdiction, and the child is enrolled in a preschool education program at a private kindergarten, the city is responsible for covering the private kindergarten expenses. This coverage is subject to the regulations prescribed by the Cabinet of Ministers. In 2023, there has been municipal support for children attending private kindergartens.
Citations:
Valsts sociālās apdrošināšanas aģentūra. 2023. “Pensionēšanās vecumu un apdrošināšanas stāžu izmaiņas.” https://www.vsaa.gov.lv/lv/media/5745/download?attachment
Centrālā statistikas pārvalde. 2023. “Bērni Latvijā.” https://admin.stat.gov.lv/system/files/publication/2023-08/Nr_05_Berni_Latvija_2023_%2823_00%29_LV_EN_0.pdf
Valsts sociālās apdrošināšanas aģentūra. 2023. “Pensionēšanās vecumu un apdrošināšanas stāžu izmaiņas.” https://www.vsaa.gov.lv/lv/media/5745/download?attachment
Eurostat. 2023. “Gender Statistics - Employment, Social Affairs & Inclusion.” https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/sdg_05_40/default/table?lang=en
Āboliņa, L. 2017. “Bērnu un ģimeņu politika Latvijā: prioritātes, aktualitātes un izacinājumi.” https://www.bernulabklajiba.lv/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Liga_Abolina.pdf
For non-insured individuals in Latvia (those neither employed nor self-employed), benefits include a one-time childbirth benefit of €421.17 and child care benefits starting at €171 monthly (up to 1 year), reducing to €42.69 monthly (1.5 to 2 years). Family state benefits escalate with the number of children: €25 for one child, €100 for two, €225 for three, and €100 per child for four or more children. These benefits extend until the child reaches 20 years if they continue in general or vocational education and are unmarried. There are also specific provisions for children with disabilities.
In 2022, the family state benefit in Latvia was distributed to 353,000 children. Due to changes in allocation conditions, the benefit amount per child increased from €28.68 per month in 2021 to €49.13 per month in 2022. Additionally, the care benefit for children with disabilities was raised from €213.43 per month in 2018 to €313.43 per month starting July 1, 2019. The number of children receiving this benefit increased from 2,072 in 2018 to 3,023 in 2022.
For socially insured individuals, there are additional benefits. These include a maternity benefit of 80% of the average insured salary for 56 or 70 days before and after childbirth and a choice of parental benefits for 19 or 13 months at varying percentages of the average insured salary. The child care benefit for insured persons is €171 monthly, with additional parental benefits possible. The family state benefit structure is similar to that for non-insured individuals. Additionally, fathers are eligible for a paternity benefit, calculated at 80% of the average insured salary, based on 10 days of paternity leave granted within the child’s first six months.
Over the past decade, the percentage of people in Latvia leaving work to care for others has steadily declined from 2.1% in 2013 to 1.1% in 2022. The rates were at their lowest in 2018 and 2022, reaching 1.1%, despite a slight increase to 1.7% in 2021, which shows a brief rise before continuing to fall.
There are financial support mechanisms for families with children, including increases in state benefits and other assistance. In 2022, a one-time support payment of €500 per child was provided to all families with children, regardless of criteria such as income loss or the number of children, to ensure families in need were not excluded from receiving support due to COVID-19 restrictions.
The duration of the parental benefit has been extended to 19 months, an increase from the previous maximum of 18 months. Alternatively, it can be taken for 13 months, up from the previous 12 months. This change is in response to the European Directive, which mandates a two-month non-transferable portion of the benefit for the other parent, now incorporated into Latvian law. Consequently, the total parental allowance period now includes both the fundamental and non-transferable portions designated for each parent.
For a parental allowance period spanning 19 months, the payment will equate to 43.75% of the average salary contributions of the beneficiary. Within this timeframe, 15 months constitute the primary segment and must be utilized before the child turns one and a half years old. This segment encompasses the maternity benefit duration as well. In scenarios where the parental allowance spans 13 months, the payment will correspond to 60% of the average salary contributions. The core segment for this option is nine months, which should be used by the time the child is one year old. This, too, includes the duration of the maternity benefit.
Both parents can avail their non-transferable two-month share of the allowance any time until the child reaches eight years of age. The new policy reflects an expansion of the total parental leave by one month compared to the provisions available up to 2023.
To ensure universal access to affordable, accessible, and high-quality childcare for children below school age, data indicate that Latvia is taking steps to improve the family state benefit system, which may include support for childcare services. According to the Education Law, if a local government cannot offer a spot in a public kindergarten for a child aged one and a half or older who is registered within the municipality’s jurisdiction, and the child is enrolled in a preschool education program at a private kindergarten, the city is responsible for covering the private kindergarten expenses. This coverage is subject to the regulations prescribed by the Cabinet of Ministers. In 2023, there has been municipal support for children attending private kindergartens.
Citations:
Valsts sociālās apdrošināšanas aģentūra. 2023. “Pensionēšanās vecumu un apdrošināšanas stāžu izmaiņas.” https://www.vsaa.gov.lv/lv/media/5745/download?attachment
Centrālā statistikas pārvalde. 2023. “Bērni Latvijā.” https://admin.stat.gov.lv/system/files/publication/2023-08/Nr_05_Berni_Latvija_2023_%2823_00%29_LV_EN_0.pdf
Valsts sociālās apdrošināšanas aģentūra. 2023. “Pensionēšanās vecumu un apdrošināšanas stāžu izmaiņas.” https://www.vsaa.gov.lv/lv/media/5745/download?attachment
Eurostat. 2023. “Gender Statistics - Employment, Social Affairs & Inclusion.” https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/sdg_05_40/default/table?lang=en
Āboliņa, L. 2017. “Bērnu un ģimeņu politika Latvijā: prioritātes, aktualitātes un izacinājumi.” https://www.bernulabklajiba.lv/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Liga_Abolina.pdf
Graph View
To what extent does the current pension policy approach prevent poverty among senior citizens?
10
9
9
Pension policies are fully aligned with the goal of preventing old-age poverty.
8
7
6
7
6
Pension policies are largely aligned with the goal of preventing old-age poverty.
5
4
3
4
3
Pension policies are only somewhat aligned with the goal of preventing old-age poverty.
2
1
1
Pension policies are not at all aligned with the goal of preventing old-age poverty.
The average pension payment increased consistently each year from 2018 to 2022. Starting at 313.75 euros in 2018, it rose steadily to 449.88 euros by 2022. Pensioners accounted for the most significant portion of social protection spending at 41%, with 88.3% allocated to old-age pensions, amounting to €2.46 billion. In 2022, total social protection outlays for “old age” rose by 10.5% compared to 2021, primarily due to pension indexation (Centrālā Statistikas Pārvalde, 2023).
Among residents aged 65 and older, 19.1% were susceptible to material and social deprivation, an increase of 5.8 percentage points since 2021, and 10.5% were subject to severe material and social deprivation, rising by 4.8 percentage points. In 2022, men in Latvia were expected to live an average of 14 years after retirement, and women 19 years (Centrālā Statistikas Pārvalde, 2023b).
Equal pay for work ensures the potential for equal pensions upon retirement. However, due to gender pay disparities, pension amounts differ for women and men. In 2022, men’s average old-age pension payments were 11.3% higher than women’s; men received €481.96, while women received €433.22.
Pension supplements will be restored. This decision was made in conjunction with the 2024 budget. To boost income and enhance state financial support for one of the more vulnerable groups – older people – an additional payment for insurance periods accrued until December 31, 1995, will be progressively restored to age and disability pensions granted from 2012 to 2028, starting from 2024 to 2029. Beginning in 2029, this supplement will be paid to all recipients of age and disability pensions. This change will impact 38,000 people in 2024, 87,000 in 2025, and 144,000 by 2026 (LV Portāls, 2023).
Citations:
Centrālā statistikas pārvalde. 2024. “Pensiju statistika.” https://data.stat.gov.lv:443/api/v1/lv/OSP_PUB/START/VES/PP/PPP/PPP020
Centrālā statistikas pārvalde. 2023a. “Sociālās aizsardzības un veselības preses relīzes.” https://stat.gov.lv/lv/statistikas-temas/soc-aizsardziba-veseliba/pensijas-pabalsti/preses-relizes/14367-socialas?themeCode=PP
Centrālā statistikas pārvalde. 2023b. “Materiālā nenodrošinātība Latvijā 2022.” https://admin.stat.gov.lv/system/files/publication/2023-03/Nr_06_Materiala_nenodrosinatiba_Latvija_2022_%2823_00%29_LV.pdf
Centrālā statistikas pārvalde. 2023. “Iedzīvotāju skaits un statistika.” https://stat.gov.lv/lv/statistikas-temas/iedzivotaji/iedzivotaju-skaits/preses-relizes/19617-csp-precize-virietis-pensija
Centrālā statistikas pārvalde. 2023. “Dzimumu līdztiesība 2023.” https://admin.stat.gov.lv/system/files/publication/2023-12/Dzimumu_lidztiesiba_%2823_00%29_LV.pdf
LV portāls. 2023. “Jautājumi un atbildes par piemaksas pie pensijas atjaunošanu.” https://lvportals.lv/skaidrojumi/358332-jautajumi-un-atbildes-par-piemaksas-pie-pensijas-atjaunosanu-2023
Among residents aged 65 and older, 19.1% were susceptible to material and social deprivation, an increase of 5.8 percentage points since 2021, and 10.5% were subject to severe material and social deprivation, rising by 4.8 percentage points. In 2022, men in Latvia were expected to live an average of 14 years after retirement, and women 19 years (Centrālā Statistikas Pārvalde, 2023b).
Equal pay for work ensures the potential for equal pensions upon retirement. However, due to gender pay disparities, pension amounts differ for women and men. In 2022, men’s average old-age pension payments were 11.3% higher than women’s; men received €481.96, while women received €433.22.
Pension supplements will be restored. This decision was made in conjunction with the 2024 budget. To boost income and enhance state financial support for one of the more vulnerable groups – older people – an additional payment for insurance periods accrued until December 31, 1995, will be progressively restored to age and disability pensions granted from 2012 to 2028, starting from 2024 to 2029. Beginning in 2029, this supplement will be paid to all recipients of age and disability pensions. This change will impact 38,000 people in 2024, 87,000 in 2025, and 144,000 by 2026 (LV Portāls, 2023).
Citations:
Centrālā statistikas pārvalde. 2024. “Pensiju statistika.” https://data.stat.gov.lv:443/api/v1/lv/OSP_PUB/START/VES/PP/PPP/PPP020
Centrālā statistikas pārvalde. 2023a. “Sociālās aizsardzības un veselības preses relīzes.” https://stat.gov.lv/lv/statistikas-temas/soc-aizsardziba-veseliba/pensijas-pabalsti/preses-relizes/14367-socialas?themeCode=PP
Centrālā statistikas pārvalde. 2023b. “Materiālā nenodrošinātība Latvijā 2022.” https://admin.stat.gov.lv/system/files/publication/2023-03/Nr_06_Materiala_nenodrosinatiba_Latvija_2022_%2823_00%29_LV.pdf
Centrālā statistikas pārvalde. 2023. “Iedzīvotāju skaits un statistika.” https://stat.gov.lv/lv/statistikas-temas/iedzivotaji/iedzivotaju-skaits/preses-relizes/19617-csp-precize-virietis-pensija
Centrālā statistikas pārvalde. 2023. “Dzimumu līdztiesība 2023.” https://admin.stat.gov.lv/system/files/publication/2023-12/Dzimumu_lidztiesiba_%2823_00%29_LV.pdf
LV portāls. 2023. “Jautājumi un atbildes par piemaksas pie pensijas atjaunošanu.” https://lvportals.lv/skaidrojumi/358332-jautajumi-un-atbildes-par-piemaksas-pie-pensijas-atjaunosanu-2023
To what extent does the current pension policy approach hinder or promote intergenerational equity?
10
9
9
Pension policies are fully aligned with the goal of achieving intergenerational equity.
8
7
6
7
6
Pension policies are largely aligned with the goal of achieving intergenerational equity.
5
4
3
4
3
Pension policies are only somewhat aligned with the goal of achieving intergenerational equity.
2
1
1
Pension policies are not at all aligned with the goal of achieving intergenerational equity.
As of June 17, 2023, individuals residing in third countries are eligible for old-age pensions in Latvia. The retirement age in Latvia is gradually increasing and is set to reach 65 years by January 1, 2025. To qualify for a pension, one must have an insurance period of 15 years, which will increase to 20 years starting January 1, 2025. Early retirement is available two years before the legal retirement age for those with a minimum insurance period of 30 years. Early retirees receive the same pension amount throughout their lives, but the conditions for its disbursement change upon reaching the official retirement age.
Additional early retirement rights are granted to parents or guardians with a minimum of 25 years of insurance who have cared for five or more children or a disabled child for at least eight years until the child turns 18. Other categories eligible for early retirement include those working in harmful and heavy work conditions, Chernobyl disaster liquidators, dwarfs, blind individuals, and politically repressed persons with specific insurance periods (Valsts Sociālās Apdrošināšanas aģentūra, 2022).
Currently, around 37% of pension recipients continue working at 65, while about one in four, or 25%, are still employed at 68. Starting January 1, 2023, when an old-age pension is granted, if a participant of the second pension level purchases a life insurance (annuity) policy with their accumulated capital in the second level pension, the amount of the lifetime annuity will reduce the corresponding minimum pension amount, preserved disability or service pension amount, or the state social security benefit due to the person.
Working recipients of old-age pensions are entitled to recalculate their retirement once a year based on their accumulated pension capital after the pension has been granted or recalculated. This calculation can be requested by the pension recipient at any time, either upon ending employment or during any other period. However, the subsequent recalculation can only be requested precisely 12 months after the last recalibration, regardless of the number of months worked since then (Valsts Sociālās Apdrošināšanas aģentūra, 2024).
Citations:
Valsts sociālās apdrošināšanas aģentūra. 2022. “Izmaiņas VSAA pakalpojumos no 2023. gada.” https://lvportals.lv/skaidrojumi/347718-izmainas-vsaa-pakalpojumos-no-2023-gada-2022#a4
2. Valsts sociālās apdrošināšanas aģentūra. 2024. “Vecuma pensija.” https://www.vsaa.gov.lv/lv/pakalpojumi/vecuma-pensija
Additional early retirement rights are granted to parents or guardians with a minimum of 25 years of insurance who have cared for five or more children or a disabled child for at least eight years until the child turns 18. Other categories eligible for early retirement include those working in harmful and heavy work conditions, Chernobyl disaster liquidators, dwarfs, blind individuals, and politically repressed persons with specific insurance periods (Valsts Sociālās Apdrošināšanas aģentūra, 2022).
Currently, around 37% of pension recipients continue working at 65, while about one in four, or 25%, are still employed at 68. Starting January 1, 2023, when an old-age pension is granted, if a participant of the second pension level purchases a life insurance (annuity) policy with their accumulated capital in the second level pension, the amount of the lifetime annuity will reduce the corresponding minimum pension amount, preserved disability or service pension amount, or the state social security benefit due to the person.
Working recipients of old-age pensions are entitled to recalculate their retirement once a year based on their accumulated pension capital after the pension has been granted or recalculated. This calculation can be requested by the pension recipient at any time, either upon ending employment or during any other period. However, the subsequent recalculation can only be requested precisely 12 months after the last recalibration, regardless of the number of months worked since then (Valsts Sociālās Apdrošināšanas aģentūra, 2024).
Citations:
Valsts sociālās apdrošināšanas aģentūra. 2022. “Izmaiņas VSAA pakalpojumos no 2023. gada.” https://lvportals.lv/skaidrojumi/347718-izmainas-vsaa-pakalpojumos-no-2023-gada-2022#a4
2. Valsts sociālās apdrošināšanas aģentūra. 2024. “Vecuma pensija.” https://www.vsaa.gov.lv/lv/pakalpojumi/vecuma-pensija
Graph View
To what extent does the current policy approach hinder or facilitate the inclusion of migrants into society and the labor market?
10
9
9
Integration policies are fully aligned with achieving the sustainable inclusion of migrants in society.
8
7
6
7
6
Integration policies are largely aligned with achieving the sustainable inclusion of migrants in society.
5
4
3
4
3
Integration policies are only somewhat aligned with achieving the sustainable inclusion of migrants in society.
2
1
1
Integration policies are not at all aligned with achieving the sustainable inclusion of migrants in society.
In 2022, the number of immigrants entering Latvia tripled compared to the previous year, reaching 38,700, a significant increase from 12,700 in 2021 and marking a 43.5% rise from 2020. The number of emigrants from Latvia also rose, from nearly 12,000 in 2020 to around 13,000 in 2021 and further to 16,700 in 2022, a 28.6% increase from the previous year.
A notable proportion of these immigrants, about 64.2% or 24,900, came from European Union candidate countries, with 24,600 from Ukraine. The number of immigrants from the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) also increased to 4,100, representing 10.7% of all immigrants, a 36.4% increase from 2021, including 2,200 from Russia. Additionally, 2,800, or 7.2%, of immigrants came from the United Kingdom in 2022.
Among those who entered Latvia in 2022, 9,300 or 24% were returning nationals – Latvian citizens, non-citizens, and individuals born in Latvia but holding different citizenship. This figure was higher compared to 7,000 or 54.8% in 2021. The remaining part of the immigrants had no previous legal ties to Latvia.
In the same year, 16,700 residents left Latvia, with 11,600 migrating to European Union countries, a 39.6% increase from the previous year. Migration to Germany rose by 16.3%, totaling 2,900, while 2,600 moved to the United Kingdom, almost the same number as in 2021. Emigration to CIS countries declined by 15.3% to just 300. A majority, 71.1%, of those who emigrated were Latvian nationals, slightly down from 71.3% in 2021 (Centrālā Statistikas Pārvalde, 2023).
The number of third-country nationals (TCNs) and EU citizens living in Latvia as of January 1, 2021, is 245,962 TCNs and 6,343 EU citizens. However, data from the Latvian Office of Citizenship and Migration Affairs, Central Statistics Bureau, and Ministry of Culture record only 98,366 TCNs, predominantly from Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus. Notably, Latvian national statistics include a “non-citizens” category, making up about 10% of the population, mostly from former Soviet states (Centrālā Statistikas Pārvalde, 2023).
Latvia’s integration strategy for migrants is outlined in the 2021 – 2027 Guidelines for the Development of a Cohesive and Civically Active Society and the 2022 – 2023 Plan. These documents emphasize systemic integration through language learning, cultural orientation, and democratic values.
Latvia’s Immigration Law, Asylum Law, and Citizenship Law govern foreigners’ entry, stay, and citizenship. Recent amendments to these laws have focused on asylum procedures and dual citizenship. However, Latvia does not have a specific anti-discrimination law, instead addressing the issue through its constitution and other laws.
State-funded healthcare services in Latvia are available to Latvian citizens and non-citizens, citizens of EU countries, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, and Switzerland who work or are self-employed in Latvia (including their family members), foreigners with permanent residency in Latvia, refugees, and persons with alternative status. Children of these residents, up to the age of 18, are also eligible. Spouses of Latvian citizens and non-citizens with temporary residency permits in Latvia can receive state-funded maternity care and childbirth assistance. Other residents can access medical services at a cost according to the price list of the respective healthcare institution.
Citations:
Centrālā statistikas pārvalde. 2023. “2022. gadā Latvijā pieaudzis iedzīvotāju skaits imigrācijas dēļ.” https://stat.gov.lv/lv/statistikas-temas/iedzivotaji/iedzivotaju-skaits/preses-relizes/12338-iedzivotaju-skaita-izmainas?themeCode=IB
Nacionālais veselības dienests. 2022. “Par veselības aprūpi Latvijā.” https://www.vmnvd.gov.lv/lv/par-veselibas-aprupi-latvija
Ministru kabinets. 2022. Par Saliedētas un pilsoniski aktīvas sabiedrības attīstības plānu 2022.-2023. gadam. https://likumi.lv/ta/id/329302-par-saliedetas-un-pilsoniski-aktivas-sabiedribas-attistibas-planu-2022-2023-gadam
European Commission. “Governance of Migrant Integration in Latvia.” https://migrant-integration.ec.europa.eu/country-governance/governance-migrant-integration-latvia_en
A notable proportion of these immigrants, about 64.2% or 24,900, came from European Union candidate countries, with 24,600 from Ukraine. The number of immigrants from the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) also increased to 4,100, representing 10.7% of all immigrants, a 36.4% increase from 2021, including 2,200 from Russia. Additionally, 2,800, or 7.2%, of immigrants came from the United Kingdom in 2022.
Among those who entered Latvia in 2022, 9,300 or 24% were returning nationals – Latvian citizens, non-citizens, and individuals born in Latvia but holding different citizenship. This figure was higher compared to 7,000 or 54.8% in 2021. The remaining part of the immigrants had no previous legal ties to Latvia.
In the same year, 16,700 residents left Latvia, with 11,600 migrating to European Union countries, a 39.6% increase from the previous year. Migration to Germany rose by 16.3%, totaling 2,900, while 2,600 moved to the United Kingdom, almost the same number as in 2021. Emigration to CIS countries declined by 15.3% to just 300. A majority, 71.1%, of those who emigrated were Latvian nationals, slightly down from 71.3% in 2021 (Centrālā Statistikas Pārvalde, 2023).
The number of third-country nationals (TCNs) and EU citizens living in Latvia as of January 1, 2021, is 245,962 TCNs and 6,343 EU citizens. However, data from the Latvian Office of Citizenship and Migration Affairs, Central Statistics Bureau, and Ministry of Culture record only 98,366 TCNs, predominantly from Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus. Notably, Latvian national statistics include a “non-citizens” category, making up about 10% of the population, mostly from former Soviet states (Centrālā Statistikas Pārvalde, 2023).
Latvia’s integration strategy for migrants is outlined in the 2021 – 2027 Guidelines for the Development of a Cohesive and Civically Active Society and the 2022 – 2023 Plan. These documents emphasize systemic integration through language learning, cultural orientation, and democratic values.
Latvia’s Immigration Law, Asylum Law, and Citizenship Law govern foreigners’ entry, stay, and citizenship. Recent amendments to these laws have focused on asylum procedures and dual citizenship. However, Latvia does not have a specific anti-discrimination law, instead addressing the issue through its constitution and other laws.
State-funded healthcare services in Latvia are available to Latvian citizens and non-citizens, citizens of EU countries, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, and Switzerland who work or are self-employed in Latvia (including their family members), foreigners with permanent residency in Latvia, refugees, and persons with alternative status. Children of these residents, up to the age of 18, are also eligible. Spouses of Latvian citizens and non-citizens with temporary residency permits in Latvia can receive state-funded maternity care and childbirth assistance. Other residents can access medical services at a cost according to the price list of the respective healthcare institution.
Citations:
Centrālā statistikas pārvalde. 2023. “2022. gadā Latvijā pieaudzis iedzīvotāju skaits imigrācijas dēļ.” https://stat.gov.lv/lv/statistikas-temas/iedzivotaji/iedzivotaju-skaits/preses-relizes/12338-iedzivotaju-skaita-izmainas?themeCode=IB
Nacionālais veselības dienests. 2022. “Par veselības aprūpi Latvijā.” https://www.vmnvd.gov.lv/lv/par-veselibas-aprupi-latvija
Ministru kabinets. 2022. Par Saliedētas un pilsoniski aktīvas sabiedrības attīstības plānu 2022.-2023. gadam. https://likumi.lv/ta/id/329302-par-saliedetas-un-pilsoniski-aktivas-sabiedribas-attistibas-planu-2022-2023-gadam
European Commission. “Governance of Migrant Integration in Latvia.” https://migrant-integration.ec.europa.eu/country-governance/governance-migrant-integration-latvia_en
Graph View
How committed is the government to helping build the capacity to reduce poverty and provide social protection in low- and middle-income countries?
10
9
9
The government’s development cooperation strategy is fully aligned with the goal of improving capacity-building for poverty reduction in low- and middle-income countries.
8
7
6
7
6
The government’s development cooperation strategy is largely aligned with the goal of improving capacity-building for poverty reduction in low- and middle-income countries.
5
4
3
4
3
The government’s development cooperation strategy is only somewhat aligned with the goal of improving capacity-building in poverty reduction in low- and middle-income countries.
2
1
1
The government’s development cooperation strategy is not all aligned with the goal of improving capacity-building for poverty reduction in low- and middle-income countries.
In 2022, Latvia’s official development assistance increased significantly compared to 2021, reaching 25% of its gross national income (OECD, 2023). Latvia approved the 2021 Development Cooperation Policy Guidelines for the period 2021 – 2027 as its medium-term policy roadmap. These guidelines focus on sustainable development goals (SDGs), specifically SDGs 4 (education), 5 (gender equality), 8 (decent work and economic growth), 13 (climate action), 16 (peace and justice), and 17 (partnership for the goals).
Geographically, Latvian development assistance primarily targets countries in the Eastern Partnership, especially Ukraine, Moldova and Georgia, as well as Central Asia. Overall, Latvia aims to provide official development assistance to support sustainable social and economic development tailored to the needs of recipient countries.
The annual development cooperation plan, formulated according to these guidelines, serves as a crucial monitoring tool for policy outcomes, particularly regarding the volume of financial support. Reflecting its thematic and geographical priorities, Latvia has concentrated its development assistance on improving education, enhancing access to scientific knowledge, promoting human rights, and supporting good governance.
Citations:
The Cabinet of Ministers. 2021. “Development Cooperation Policy Guidelines for 2021-2027.” https://likumi.lv/ta/en/en/id/322455-development-cooperation-policy-guidelines-for-2021-2027
OECD. 2023. “ODA Levels in 2022 – Preliminary Data.” Detailed Summary Note. https://www.oecd.org/dac/financing-sustainable-development/ODA-2022-summary.pdf
Geographically, Latvian development assistance primarily targets countries in the Eastern Partnership, especially Ukraine, Moldova and Georgia, as well as Central Asia. Overall, Latvia aims to provide official development assistance to support sustainable social and economic development tailored to the needs of recipient countries.
The annual development cooperation plan, formulated according to these guidelines, serves as a crucial monitoring tool for policy outcomes, particularly regarding the volume of financial support. Reflecting its thematic and geographical priorities, Latvia has concentrated its development assistance on improving education, enhancing access to scientific knowledge, promoting human rights, and supporting good governance.
Citations:
The Cabinet of Ministers. 2021. “Development Cooperation Policy Guidelines for 2021-2027.” https://likumi.lv/ta/en/en/id/322455-development-cooperation-policy-guidelines-for-2021-2027
OECD. 2023. “ODA Levels in 2022 – Preliminary Data.” Detailed Summary Note. https://www.oecd.org/dac/financing-sustainable-development/ODA-2022-summary.pdf