Social Sustainability
#13Key Findings
The Netherlands falls into the sample’s middle ranks (rank 13) with regard to social sustainability.
Educational performance has declined in recent years, with the country dropping in the international PISA rankings. A gap is opening between students from high- and low-income families. During the energy crisis, the government provided subsidies for low-income households.
The healthcare system has traditionally been viewed as exemplary, but is today suffering from disparities in access and bottlenecks. Waiting times are rising, and patients are struggling to find general practitioners. Despite a range of gender equality policies, the gender pay gap remains pronounced.
Child poverty remains a concern. Despite partial tax refunds, childcare and after-school care remain expensive. Family policy offers paid leave and parenting support. A major pension-system reform is underway. Migrants play a key role in filling labor shortages, but the housing shortage has caused overcrowding in reception centers and exacerbated opposition to migration.
Educational performance has declined in recent years, with the country dropping in the international PISA rankings. A gap is opening between students from high- and low-income families. During the energy crisis, the government provided subsidies for low-income households.
The healthcare system has traditionally been viewed as exemplary, but is today suffering from disparities in access and bottlenecks. Waiting times are rising, and patients are struggling to find general practitioners. Despite a range of gender equality policies, the gender pay gap remains pronounced.
Child poverty remains a concern. Despite partial tax refunds, childcare and after-school care remain expensive. Family policy offers paid leave and parenting support. A major pension-system reform is underway. Migrants play a key role in filling labor shortages, but the housing shortage has caused overcrowding in reception centers and exacerbated opposition to migration.
Graph View
Graph View
To what extent do policies and regulations in the education system hinder or facilitate high-quality education and training?
10
9
9
Education policies are fully aligned with the goal of ensuring high-quality education and training.
8
7
6
7
6
Education policies are largely aligned with the goal of ensuring high-quality education and training.
5
4
3
4
3
Education policies are only somewhat aligned with the goal of ensuring high-quality education and training.
2
1
1
Education policies are not at all aligned with the goal of ensuring high-quality education and training.
Basic skills, including language, math, and citizenship, are critical for students. Concerns persist about the insufficient mastery of these skills, particularly in the transition from the primary to secondary level of education. A notable number of primary and lower-secondary students fall below the target level in arithmetic. Additionally, lower-secondary students exhibit declining proficiency in Dutch and mathematics. Insufficient language and math proficiency among secondary students hinders their competitiveness in vocational and higher education. Often, the established reference levels are not being met. External factors such as stress and bullying negatively impact students’ well-being. In higher education, students may not feel secure enough to ask questions. Despite efforts to address these issues, the Netherlands dropped in the PISA rankings from 26th to 34th place among 81 countries.
Educational standards in the country are slipping, and there is an increasing gap between families who can afford high-quality schools and additional tutoring and less fortunate families. A profound social sorting is occurring in the education system, with severe future repercussions. The fact that “doorstroming” is severely hampered means that upward social mobility is declining. Moreover, educational opportunities are creating de facto segregation due to spatial sorting, existing inequalities in society across race and class, the policy design of the educational system (with high levels of leeway provided to private schools with a religious affiliation), the agency afforded to parents and schools (which usually manifests as a conservative reflex of externalizing problems), budget cuts, increasing fees paid by parents, the segregation of teachers, the influence of very early central examinations and their class effects, and the historical spatial separation of social classes.
Policies and regulations in the education system have undergone significant changes, particularly with regard to budget allocations. Starting on 1 January 2023, primary and special education schools have received a unified basic amount per pupil and per school, eliminating separate budgets for staff and study materials. Simultaneously, the number of accountancy rules has been reduced from 130 to 30. In higher education, the reintroduction of a performance-based basic grant for college students, coupled with a supplementary grant for families with an annual income of about €70,000 or less, aims to support students financially.
In response to labor market demands, the focus is mainly on intermediate vocational education (MBO) programs. The government’s initiatives include holding employers accountable for internship placements, aligning facilities with higher education standards and investing in school safety. The Internship Pact MBO 2023 – 2027, which has been signed by various stakeholders, emphasizes the provision of internships and apprenticeships with proper guidance and conditions.
Lifelong learning opportunities have improved, notably with the introduction of the STAP budget during the COVID-19 pandemic. Although the STAP budget will be abolished in 2024, the decision to do so met strong criticism. Additionally, the WEB provides municipal-level financing, targeting vulnerable groups such as migrants and individuals with low literacy skills.
The education system faces persistent challenges in recruiting skilled educators, evident in a significant teacher shortage. The government has invested heavily, addressing salary disparities and providing additional allowances for teaching staff in schools with vulnerable pupils. However, the uneven distribution of the teacher shortage, particularly in the G5, and high turnover rates in secondary education highlight ongoing issues where financial stimuli alone do not achieve the desired effect.
Education for sustainable development is seamlessly integrated into primary and secondary curricula, guided by the SLO. Despite this, concerns persist about the attention given to this subject in teacher education programs and the actual systematic implementation of plans.
Citations:
https://husite.nl/duurzaam/onderwijs-in-duurzaamheid-moet-meer-aandacht-krijgen-op-lerarenopleidingen/
https://www.gemengdescholen.nl/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Towards-perspectives-for-research-policy-and-practice-rethinking-educational-inequality-and-segregation-in-Dutch-primary-education.pdf
https://personal.vu.nl/b.vander.klaauw/teachers.pdf
Trendrapportage Arbeidsmarkt Leraren po, vo en mbo 2023. 2023. Den Haag: Ministerie van OC&W, December.
De staat van onderwijs 2023, Inspectie van het Onderwijs 2023
Dossier Duurzame ontwikkeling SLO. 2024. “https://www.slo.nl/thema/vakspecifieke-thema/natuur-techniek/duurzame”
Educational standards in the country are slipping, and there is an increasing gap between families who can afford high-quality schools and additional tutoring and less fortunate families. A profound social sorting is occurring in the education system, with severe future repercussions. The fact that “doorstroming” is severely hampered means that upward social mobility is declining. Moreover, educational opportunities are creating de facto segregation due to spatial sorting, existing inequalities in society across race and class, the policy design of the educational system (with high levels of leeway provided to private schools with a religious affiliation), the agency afforded to parents and schools (which usually manifests as a conservative reflex of externalizing problems), budget cuts, increasing fees paid by parents, the segregation of teachers, the influence of very early central examinations and their class effects, and the historical spatial separation of social classes.
Policies and regulations in the education system have undergone significant changes, particularly with regard to budget allocations. Starting on 1 January 2023, primary and special education schools have received a unified basic amount per pupil and per school, eliminating separate budgets for staff and study materials. Simultaneously, the number of accountancy rules has been reduced from 130 to 30. In higher education, the reintroduction of a performance-based basic grant for college students, coupled with a supplementary grant for families with an annual income of about €70,000 or less, aims to support students financially.
In response to labor market demands, the focus is mainly on intermediate vocational education (MBO) programs. The government’s initiatives include holding employers accountable for internship placements, aligning facilities with higher education standards and investing in school safety. The Internship Pact MBO 2023 – 2027, which has been signed by various stakeholders, emphasizes the provision of internships and apprenticeships with proper guidance and conditions.
Lifelong learning opportunities have improved, notably with the introduction of the STAP budget during the COVID-19 pandemic. Although the STAP budget will be abolished in 2024, the decision to do so met strong criticism. Additionally, the WEB provides municipal-level financing, targeting vulnerable groups such as migrants and individuals with low literacy skills.
The education system faces persistent challenges in recruiting skilled educators, evident in a significant teacher shortage. The government has invested heavily, addressing salary disparities and providing additional allowances for teaching staff in schools with vulnerable pupils. However, the uneven distribution of the teacher shortage, particularly in the G5, and high turnover rates in secondary education highlight ongoing issues where financial stimuli alone do not achieve the desired effect.
Education for sustainable development is seamlessly integrated into primary and secondary curricula, guided by the SLO. Despite this, concerns persist about the attention given to this subject in teacher education programs and the actual systematic implementation of plans.
Citations:
https://husite.nl/duurzaam/onderwijs-in-duurzaamheid-moet-meer-aandacht-krijgen-op-lerarenopleidingen/
https://www.gemengdescholen.nl/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Towards-perspectives-for-research-policy-and-practice-rethinking-educational-inequality-and-segregation-in-Dutch-primary-education.pdf
https://personal.vu.nl/b.vander.klaauw/teachers.pdf
Trendrapportage Arbeidsmarkt Leraren po, vo en mbo 2023. 2023. Den Haag: Ministerie van OC&W, December.
De staat van onderwijs 2023, Inspectie van het Onderwijs 2023
Dossier Duurzame ontwikkeling SLO. 2024. “https://www.slo.nl/thema/vakspecifieke-thema/natuur-techniek/duurzame”
To what extent does the current policy approach in the education system hinder or facilitate equitable access to high-quality education and training?
10
9
9
Education policies are fully aligned with the goal of ensuring equitable access to high-quality education and training.
8
7
6
7
6
Education policies are largely aligned with the goal of ensuring equitable access to high-quality education and training.
5
4
3
4
3
Education policies are only somewhat aligned with the goal of ensuring equitable access to high-quality education and training.
2
1
1
Education policies are not at all aligned with the goal of ensuring equitable access to high-quality education and training.
Despite political rhetoric, child care in the Netherlands is not free, tainted by the child allowance scandal. Simplifications to financial compensation rules in 2023 aim to improve access. Municipalities are investing in early childhood education, particularly language education. However, the number of students referred to special education remains consistent.
Several factors contribute to inequitable access. The teacher shortage results in large classes, especially in schools with vulnerable children (G5), raising concerns about resource distribution. In rural areas, declining populations lead to class and school mergers, posing challenges in retaining qualified teachers. The influx of Ukrainian refugees strains the system, jeopardizing equal access. Efforts to address disparities in school advice and adapt the CITO examination aim to rectify issues. However, transition ease between lower and higher secondary schools hasn’t increased, and access to higher education remains unequal, particularly for students from lower-income households or those with less-educated parents. Growing dissatisfaction with mainstream schools is reflected in the increasing applications to private unfunded schools.
The Netherlands mandates a minimum qualification level, the “starter qualification,” for all youth. Municipalities invest in adult education and low literacy through an earmarked funding program. However, assessing the quality of these offerings is challenging due to the mechanisms of public tenders. Large community colleges often offer one-size-fits-all classes in bulk, hindering the ability to tailor education to individual needs.
Citations:
https://husite.nl/duurzaam/onderwijs-in-duurzaamheid-moet-meer-aandacht-krijgen-op-lerarenopleidingen/
Trendrapportage Arbeidsmarkt Leraren po, vo en mbo. 2023. Ministerie van OC&W, December, Den Haag.
De staat van onderwijs 2023, Inspectie van het Onderwijs 2023
Dossier Duurzame ontwikkeling SLO. https://www.slo.nl/thema/vakspecifieke-thema/natuur-techniek/duurzame/
Verklaren verschillen in vaardigheden de verschillen in schooladvies naar sociaaleconomische status? 2022. https://www.cpb.nl/verklaren-verschillen-vaardigheden-de-verschillen-schooladvies-naar-sociaaleconomische-status
Een blik op de Nederlandse positie in internationale onderwijsrankings, December 2022, https://www.cpb.nl/een-blik-op-de-nederlandse-positie-in-internationale-onderwijsrankings
https://www.onderwijsinspectie.nl/actueel/nieuws/2023/06/21/in-eerste-helft-schooljaar-kregen-veel-oekraiense-kinderen-onderwijs
Several factors contribute to inequitable access. The teacher shortage results in large classes, especially in schools with vulnerable children (G5), raising concerns about resource distribution. In rural areas, declining populations lead to class and school mergers, posing challenges in retaining qualified teachers. The influx of Ukrainian refugees strains the system, jeopardizing equal access. Efforts to address disparities in school advice and adapt the CITO examination aim to rectify issues. However, transition ease between lower and higher secondary schools hasn’t increased, and access to higher education remains unequal, particularly for students from lower-income households or those with less-educated parents. Growing dissatisfaction with mainstream schools is reflected in the increasing applications to private unfunded schools.
The Netherlands mandates a minimum qualification level, the “starter qualification,” for all youth. Municipalities invest in adult education and low literacy through an earmarked funding program. However, assessing the quality of these offerings is challenging due to the mechanisms of public tenders. Large community colleges often offer one-size-fits-all classes in bulk, hindering the ability to tailor education to individual needs.
Citations:
https://husite.nl/duurzaam/onderwijs-in-duurzaamheid-moet-meer-aandacht-krijgen-op-lerarenopleidingen/
Trendrapportage Arbeidsmarkt Leraren po, vo en mbo. 2023. Ministerie van OC&W, December, Den Haag.
De staat van onderwijs 2023, Inspectie van het Onderwijs 2023
Dossier Duurzame ontwikkeling SLO. https://www.slo.nl/thema/vakspecifieke-thema/natuur-techniek/duurzame/
Verklaren verschillen in vaardigheden de verschillen in schooladvies naar sociaaleconomische status? 2022. https://www.cpb.nl/verklaren-verschillen-vaardigheden-de-verschillen-schooladvies-naar-sociaaleconomische-status
Een blik op de Nederlandse positie in internationale onderwijsrankings, December 2022, https://www.cpb.nl/een-blik-op-de-nederlandse-positie-in-internationale-onderwijsrankings
https://www.onderwijsinspectie.nl/actueel/nieuws/2023/06/21/in-eerste-helft-schooljaar-kregen-veel-oekraiense-kinderen-onderwijs
Graph View
To what extent do existing institutions ensure equal access to essential services and basic income support for those in need?
10
9
9
Existing essential public services and basic income support are fully aligned with the goal of ensuring equal access for those in need.
8
7
6
7
6
Existing essential public services and basic income support are largely aligned with the goal of ensuring equal access for those in need.
5
4
3
4
3
Existing essential public services and basic income support are only somewhat aligned with the goal of ensuring equal access for those in need.
2
1
1
Existing essential public services and basic income support are not at all aligned with the goal of ensuring equal access for those in need.
Income inequality and “livelihood security” dominated the political debate in the Netherlands in 2023, overshadowing issues such as climate change, education and foreign policy. The rise in energy prices has contributed to emerging inequalities, leading to the term “energy poverty.” Additionally, the lack of affordable housing has driven up prices, making it difficult for vulnerable buyers to find suitable accommodations. In response to immediate energy challenges, the government has implemented short-term measures such as a gas price ceiling and direct subsidies for energy bills for low-income households. However, energy efficiency measures like insulation remain too expensive for those with lower incomes, preventing them from fully benefiting from the subsidies.
Despite historically high wage increases due to inflation compensation and a tight labor market, the Netherlands experienced a significant decline in purchasing power in 2023, particularly affecting lower-income segments. Rising food prices have further burdened those with limited financial resources. While long-term extreme poverty rates have significantly declined, many households still hover around the poverty line. Single-parent families, ethnic minority families, migrants (especially from Syria), divorcees and individuals dependent on social benefits are overrepresented in this income bracket, increasing their vulnerability to social exclusion.
Beyond the sheer numbers, a major shift in perception revolves around the loss of control felt by individuals regarding their livelihood security. The complexity of government services in an increasingly complex society, especially social services, has created a shared sentiment of confusion. The multitude of rules, procedures and protocols aimed at ensuring equity and certainty often appear overwhelming, leading to growing mistrust and suspicion. More than 60,000 citizens have fallen into poverty because they have no access to provisions due to the complicated rules.
Younger people face precarious circumstances, exacerbated by the pandemic’s fallout. Student debt, flexible employment, irregular incomes and rising housing prices have led young people to continue to live with parents longer than was true of previous generations. As independent contractors in low-wage sectors, they lack job protections, making them particularly vulnerable.
Poverty policy in the Netherlands is primarily the responsibility of municipal governments. However, due to budgetary side effects from other decentralization policies, there are concerns that the quality and accessibility of poverty measures is deteriorating. The decentralized structure of social services means that municipalities play a crucial role in supporting the most vulnerable populations. Nonetheless, access to social services remains problematic for groups with limited digital skills, such as the elderly and individuals with mental or learning disabilities. A study of 47 Dutch municipalities revealed that few had plans for implementing the UN agreement on the rights of disabled people, let alone inclusive policies.
The fallout from the child allowance scandal continues to impact access to provisions and institutions. For instance, although the government issued a one-off energy alleviation subsidy to all households with incomes up to 120% of the poverty line, it is unclear how many eligible individuals did not claim this support. Similarly, complexities within the system and the digital and bureaucratic literacy required to navigate it have posed challenges in accessing other provisions, including tax rebates for rent and medical bills.
Citations:
De ontwikkeling van de mobiliteit en de bereikbaarheid in stedelijk en ruraal Nederland, Kennisinstituut voor Mobiliteitsbeleid
Beperkt bereikbaar: en kwalitatieve studie naar bereikbaarheidsarmoede, Lizet Krabbenborg en Gabrielle Uitbeijerse, 2023
https://www.movisie.nl/publicatie/dossier-bestaanszekerheid-meer-dan-geld, visited 08.01.2024
https://www.metronieuws.nl/in-het-nieuws/binnenland/2023/11/economen-woningcrisis-politiek-woningmarkt/
Brief Ombudsman aan Tweede Kamer over kabinetsreactie sociale minimarapporten, Juli 2023
https://nos.nl/artikel/2490395-nederland-kende-vorig-jaar-grootste-koopkrachtdaling-in-veertig-jaar
CBS rapport: Armoede en sociale uitsluiting, 19.12.2023, https://longreads.cbs.nl/armoede-en-sociale-uitsluiting-2023/
Grip. 2023. Het maatschappelijk belang van persoonlijke controle. WRR, November 30.
Dossier bestaanszekerheid NIBUD, https://www.nibud.nl/dossiers/bestaanszekerheid/
Onderzoek niet-gebruik Toeslagenwet, Nederlandse Arbeidsinspectie, 2023
Despite historically high wage increases due to inflation compensation and a tight labor market, the Netherlands experienced a significant decline in purchasing power in 2023, particularly affecting lower-income segments. Rising food prices have further burdened those with limited financial resources. While long-term extreme poverty rates have significantly declined, many households still hover around the poverty line. Single-parent families, ethnic minority families, migrants (especially from Syria), divorcees and individuals dependent on social benefits are overrepresented in this income bracket, increasing their vulnerability to social exclusion.
Beyond the sheer numbers, a major shift in perception revolves around the loss of control felt by individuals regarding their livelihood security. The complexity of government services in an increasingly complex society, especially social services, has created a shared sentiment of confusion. The multitude of rules, procedures and protocols aimed at ensuring equity and certainty often appear overwhelming, leading to growing mistrust and suspicion. More than 60,000 citizens have fallen into poverty because they have no access to provisions due to the complicated rules.
Younger people face precarious circumstances, exacerbated by the pandemic’s fallout. Student debt, flexible employment, irregular incomes and rising housing prices have led young people to continue to live with parents longer than was true of previous generations. As independent contractors in low-wage sectors, they lack job protections, making them particularly vulnerable.
Poverty policy in the Netherlands is primarily the responsibility of municipal governments. However, due to budgetary side effects from other decentralization policies, there are concerns that the quality and accessibility of poverty measures is deteriorating. The decentralized structure of social services means that municipalities play a crucial role in supporting the most vulnerable populations. Nonetheless, access to social services remains problematic for groups with limited digital skills, such as the elderly and individuals with mental or learning disabilities. A study of 47 Dutch municipalities revealed that few had plans for implementing the UN agreement on the rights of disabled people, let alone inclusive policies.
The fallout from the child allowance scandal continues to impact access to provisions and institutions. For instance, although the government issued a one-off energy alleviation subsidy to all households with incomes up to 120% of the poverty line, it is unclear how many eligible individuals did not claim this support. Similarly, complexities within the system and the digital and bureaucratic literacy required to navigate it have posed challenges in accessing other provisions, including tax rebates for rent and medical bills.
Citations:
De ontwikkeling van de mobiliteit en de bereikbaarheid in stedelijk en ruraal Nederland, Kennisinstituut voor Mobiliteitsbeleid
Beperkt bereikbaar: en kwalitatieve studie naar bereikbaarheidsarmoede, Lizet Krabbenborg en Gabrielle Uitbeijerse, 2023
https://www.movisie.nl/publicatie/dossier-bestaanszekerheid-meer-dan-geld, visited 08.01.2024
https://www.metronieuws.nl/in-het-nieuws/binnenland/2023/11/economen-woningcrisis-politiek-woningmarkt/
Brief Ombudsman aan Tweede Kamer over kabinetsreactie sociale minimarapporten, Juli 2023
https://nos.nl/artikel/2490395-nederland-kende-vorig-jaar-grootste-koopkrachtdaling-in-veertig-jaar
CBS rapport: Armoede en sociale uitsluiting, 19.12.2023, https://longreads.cbs.nl/armoede-en-sociale-uitsluiting-2023/
Grip. 2023. Het maatschappelijk belang van persoonlijke controle. WRR, November 30.
Dossier bestaanszekerheid NIBUD, https://www.nibud.nl/dossiers/bestaanszekerheid/
Onderzoek niet-gebruik Toeslagenwet, Nederlandse Arbeidsinspectie, 2023
To what extent do existing institutions and policies ensure high-quality services and basic income support?
10
9
9
Existing essential public services and basic income support are fully aligned with the goal of satisfying basic human needs.
8
7
6
7
6
Existing essential public services and basic income support are largely aligned with the goal of satisfying basic human needs.
5
4
3
4
3
Existing essential public services and basic income support are only somewhat aligned with the goal of satisfying basic human needs.
2
1
1
Existing essential public services and basic income support are not at all aligned with the goal of satisfying basic human needs.
When it comes to essential services and basic income support, several areas require attention:
• Housing, water and sanitation: While access to water and sanitation has not been an issue in the Netherlands, there is a significant shortage of affordably priced houses. This makes it difficult for first-time buyers and students to find suitable housing. The national ban on building activities due to nitrogen emissions prevents the housing crisis from being resolved. Municipalities are taking steps to prevent speculation.
• Energy: While energy poverty has become a familiar term, this primarily relates to access to renewable sources and investments in the context of the energy transition. Overall, the compensation measures implemented have been adequate in the short term.
• Public transport: Railway services have declined in quality, becoming relatively expensive and less reliable. The number of passengers per train has not returned to pre-pandemic levels. The inadequate provision of public transportation in rural areas, where bus stops are disappearing and the frequency of buses is decreasing, is compounding this issue. This, along with other factors such as the consolidation of educational and health services, contributes to a sense of insufficient access to vital services in non-urban areas.
• Digital infrastructure: Digital inclusion for vulnerable groups such as migrants, individuals with low literacy levels and people with disabilities is a significant concern. Efforts to address this issue mostly take place at the local and regional levels, as well as within specific sectors like education, health services and municipal services.
• Public financial services (e.g., banking, debt relief services): Social welfare institutions have faced criticism for their strict and formalistic approach to addressing the financial problems of vulnerable individuals. From 2024 onward, the period within which a debt must be settled through statutory debt restructuring will be halved from 36 to 18 months.
• Housing, water and sanitation: While access to water and sanitation has not been an issue in the Netherlands, there is a significant shortage of affordably priced houses. This makes it difficult for first-time buyers and students to find suitable housing. The national ban on building activities due to nitrogen emissions prevents the housing crisis from being resolved. Municipalities are taking steps to prevent speculation.
• Energy: While energy poverty has become a familiar term, this primarily relates to access to renewable sources and investments in the context of the energy transition. Overall, the compensation measures implemented have been adequate in the short term.
• Public transport: Railway services have declined in quality, becoming relatively expensive and less reliable. The number of passengers per train has not returned to pre-pandemic levels. The inadequate provision of public transportation in rural areas, where bus stops are disappearing and the frequency of buses is decreasing, is compounding this issue. This, along with other factors such as the consolidation of educational and health services, contributes to a sense of insufficient access to vital services in non-urban areas.
• Digital infrastructure: Digital inclusion for vulnerable groups such as migrants, individuals with low literacy levels and people with disabilities is a significant concern. Efforts to address this issue mostly take place at the local and regional levels, as well as within specific sectors like education, health services and municipal services.
• Public financial services (e.g., banking, debt relief services): Social welfare institutions have faced criticism for their strict and formalistic approach to addressing the financial problems of vulnerable individuals. From 2024 onward, the period within which a debt must be settled through statutory debt restructuring will be halved from 36 to 18 months.
Graph View
To what extent does current health policy hinder or facilitate health system resilience?
10
9
9
Health policies are fully aligned with the goal of achieving a resilient health system.
8
7
6
7
6
Health policies are largely aligned with the goal of achieving a resilient health system.
5
4
3
4
3
Health policies are only somewhat aligned with the goal of achieving a resilient health system.
2
1
1
Health policies are not at all aligned with the goal of achieving a resilient health system.
The Dutch healthcare sector is facing multiple challenges, including a shortage of specific medicines and alarming levels of unavailability of essential drugs. In 2023, more than 1,500 medicines were unavailable for over two weeks, affecting millions of people who rely on generic drugs such as antibiotics, sleep aids and ADHD medications. Financially, the sector is under strain, with the average returns of healthcare providers nearly halved by 2022, an increase in providers operating at a loss and a rise in the number of healthcare providers under special management.
The Dutch Ministry of Health recognizes the need for affordable, accessible care of improved quality. E-health, or remote healthcare through digital technologies, is identified as a potential solution. Between 2021 and 2023, he ministry explored the transition of healthcare components to e-health. This includes diverse applications such as video consultations with general practitioners, health apps for patients and informational websites. To measure this transition, RIVM, Nivel and NeLL are developing a monitor that identifies what parties are utilizing e-health, for what purposes, and captures user satisfaction.
Within this initiative, the organizations analyzed the data, or indicators, needed for effective e-health implementation. Examples include the usage of e-health mechanisms by general practitioners, citizens making online appointments with hospitals and users’ satisfaction levels. These indicators aim to provide insights into the progress toward meeting goals set by the Dutch Ministry of Health, including enhancing healthcare quality and organization, empowering patients, emphasizing prevention and supporting healthcare personnel. This collaborative effort seeks to bring transparency to the evolving landscape of e-health in the Dutch healthcare sector.
Citations:
De staat van de zorg. 2023. Nederlandse zorgautoriteit, October 12. https://www.nza.nl/onderwerpen/stand-van-de-zorg
De E-healthmonitor. 2021-2023. “Plan van aanpak op hoofdlijnen.” RIVM. https://open.overheid.nl/documenten/ronl-d0462ee1-7a94-4b34-b510-c5dbdaa555b6/pdf
EY Barometer Nederlandse Gezondheidszorg. 2023. “Resultaten 2023: Nederlandse zorgsector in zeer zwaar weer beland.” https://www.ey.com/nl_nl/health/ey-barometer-nederlandse-gezondheidszorg
Het Integraal Zorgakkoord - samenwerken aan gezonde zorg, Het Integraal Zorgakkoord - samenwerken aan gezonde zorg
Kiezen voor houdbare zorg. Mensen, middelen en maatschappelijk draagvlak, WRR, 15-09. https://www.wrr.nl/publicaties/rapporten/2021/09/15/kiezen-voor-houdbare-zorg
https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/onderwerpen/prinsjesdag/zorg-en-gezondheid
https://vng.nl/nieuws/uitvoering-integraal-zorgakkoord-iza-onder-druk
The Dutch Ministry of Health recognizes the need for affordable, accessible care of improved quality. E-health, or remote healthcare through digital technologies, is identified as a potential solution. Between 2021 and 2023, he ministry explored the transition of healthcare components to e-health. This includes diverse applications such as video consultations with general practitioners, health apps for patients and informational websites. To measure this transition, RIVM, Nivel and NeLL are developing a monitor that identifies what parties are utilizing e-health, for what purposes, and captures user satisfaction.
Within this initiative, the organizations analyzed the data, or indicators, needed for effective e-health implementation. Examples include the usage of e-health mechanisms by general practitioners, citizens making online appointments with hospitals and users’ satisfaction levels. These indicators aim to provide insights into the progress toward meeting goals set by the Dutch Ministry of Health, including enhancing healthcare quality and organization, empowering patients, emphasizing prevention and supporting healthcare personnel. This collaborative effort seeks to bring transparency to the evolving landscape of e-health in the Dutch healthcare sector.
Citations:
De staat van de zorg. 2023. Nederlandse zorgautoriteit, October 12. https://www.nza.nl/onderwerpen/stand-van-de-zorg
De E-healthmonitor. 2021-2023. “Plan van aanpak op hoofdlijnen.” RIVM. https://open.overheid.nl/documenten/ronl-d0462ee1-7a94-4b34-b510-c5dbdaa555b6/pdf
EY Barometer Nederlandse Gezondheidszorg. 2023. “Resultaten 2023: Nederlandse zorgsector in zeer zwaar weer beland.” https://www.ey.com/nl_nl/health/ey-barometer-nederlandse-gezondheidszorg
Het Integraal Zorgakkoord - samenwerken aan gezonde zorg, Het Integraal Zorgakkoord - samenwerken aan gezonde zorg
Kiezen voor houdbare zorg. Mensen, middelen en maatschappelijk draagvlak, WRR, 15-09. https://www.wrr.nl/publicaties/rapporten/2021/09/15/kiezen-voor-houdbare-zorg
https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/onderwerpen/prinsjesdag/zorg-en-gezondheid
https://vng.nl/nieuws/uitvoering-integraal-zorgakkoord-iza-onder-druk
To what extent does current health policy hinder or facilitate achieving high-quality healthcare?
10
9
9
Health policies are fully aligned with the goal of achieving high-quality healthcare.
8
7
6
7
6
Health policies are largely aligned with the goal of achieving high-quality healthcare.
5
4
3
4
3
Health policies are only somewhat aligned with the goal of achieving high-quality healthcare.
2
1
1
Health policies are not at all aligned with the goal of achieving high-quality healthcare.
The Dutch healthcare system is facing critical challenges, with structural issues becoming more apparent after the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite its theoretical robustness, the system urgently requires significant maintenance as an increasing number of citizens are being denied their legally entitled care, potentially creating substantial long-term health risks.
Youth care is under considerable pressure, experiencing a surge in demand that has led to prolonged waiting times for assistance. Additionally, dental care is still not included in basic insurance contacts, further highlighting the system’s shortcomings. Health disparities persist, with the most prosperous 20% of the population enjoying over 23 additional years of good health compared to the least prosperous 20%. There is an imperative to consider health impacts in all government policies and to reorient healthcare procurement toward prevention, given the unequal outcomes of the current reactive approach.
Efforts to broaden the National Prevention Agreement include incorporating mental resilience, taxing sugary drinks and increasing excise duties on tobacco. Plans include agreements with industry on producing healthier foods, exploring a sugar tax, and potentially reducing the VAT rate on fruits and vegetables. However, these proposals remain stuck in the planning stage. Additional investments in research and action against Alzheimer’s, obesity and cancer, for both adults and children, have been proposed. Addressing age-related conditions necessitates a heightened focus on prophylactics. However, health insurers’ reluctance to invest in preventive interventions highlights the need for a systemic shift to a mindset in which health is integral to the healthcare system, not just illness.
To help understand addiction’s social impact, the establishment of a national rapporteur on addictions has been proposed. The National Prevention Agreement had achieved 22 out of its 41 set targets by 2021. The focus on reducing smoking, obesity and excessive alcohol consumption by 2040 has yielded outcomes such as smoke-free school grounds and daycare centers, as well as increased promotion of healthy lifestyles in municipalities.
The Care Agreement emphasizes prevention, quality of life and locally accessible care. It envisions increased job satisfaction and digital support for medical staff, along with a national network for exchanging electronic healthcare data. The Integral Care Agreement (IZA) is seen as the beginning of substantial change, with ongoing discussions and a commitment to realizing the agreed-upon measures.
The implementation of the IZA, concluded in September 2022, is facing challenges. The Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport provided financial resources for 2023 to municipalities only in September. Despite persistent requests from the Association of Dutch Municipalities, the ministry did not grant its approval to carry these funds forward to 2024. This delay in financial support is exerting pressure on the execution of the Integral Care Agreement.
Citations:
De staat van de zorg. 2023. Nederlandse zorautoriteit. 12.10.2023. https://www.nza.nl/onderwerpen/stand-van-de-zorg
De E-healthmonitor. 2021-2023. “Plan van aanpak op hoofdlijnen.” RIVM. https://open.overheid.nl/documenten/ronl-d0462ee1-7a94-4b34-b510-c5dbdaa555b6/pdf
EY Barometer Nederlandse Gezondheidszorg. 2023. “Resultaten 2023: Nederlandse zorgsector in zeer zwaar weer beland.” https://www.ey.com/nl_nl/health/ey-barometer-nederlandse-gezondheidszorg
Het Integraal Zorgakkoord - samenwerken aan gezonde zorg, Het Integraal Zorgakkoord - samenwerken aan gezonde zorg
Kiezen voor houdbare zorg. Mensen, middelen en maatschappelijk draagvlak. WRR. 15-09-2021. https://www.wrr.nl/publicaties/rapporten/2021/09/15/kiezen-voor-houdbare-zorg
https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/onderwerpen/prinsjesdag/zorg-en-gezondheid
https: //vng.nl/nieuws/uitvoering-integraal-zorgakkoord-iza-onder-druk
Youth care is under considerable pressure, experiencing a surge in demand that has led to prolonged waiting times for assistance. Additionally, dental care is still not included in basic insurance contacts, further highlighting the system’s shortcomings. Health disparities persist, with the most prosperous 20% of the population enjoying over 23 additional years of good health compared to the least prosperous 20%. There is an imperative to consider health impacts in all government policies and to reorient healthcare procurement toward prevention, given the unequal outcomes of the current reactive approach.
Efforts to broaden the National Prevention Agreement include incorporating mental resilience, taxing sugary drinks and increasing excise duties on tobacco. Plans include agreements with industry on producing healthier foods, exploring a sugar tax, and potentially reducing the VAT rate on fruits and vegetables. However, these proposals remain stuck in the planning stage. Additional investments in research and action against Alzheimer’s, obesity and cancer, for both adults and children, have been proposed. Addressing age-related conditions necessitates a heightened focus on prophylactics. However, health insurers’ reluctance to invest in preventive interventions highlights the need for a systemic shift to a mindset in which health is integral to the healthcare system, not just illness.
To help understand addiction’s social impact, the establishment of a national rapporteur on addictions has been proposed. The National Prevention Agreement had achieved 22 out of its 41 set targets by 2021. The focus on reducing smoking, obesity and excessive alcohol consumption by 2040 has yielded outcomes such as smoke-free school grounds and daycare centers, as well as increased promotion of healthy lifestyles in municipalities.
The Care Agreement emphasizes prevention, quality of life and locally accessible care. It envisions increased job satisfaction and digital support for medical staff, along with a national network for exchanging electronic healthcare data. The Integral Care Agreement (IZA) is seen as the beginning of substantial change, with ongoing discussions and a commitment to realizing the agreed-upon measures.
The implementation of the IZA, concluded in September 2022, is facing challenges. The Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport provided financial resources for 2023 to municipalities only in September. Despite persistent requests from the Association of Dutch Municipalities, the ministry did not grant its approval to carry these funds forward to 2024. This delay in financial support is exerting pressure on the execution of the Integral Care Agreement.
Citations:
De staat van de zorg. 2023. Nederlandse zorautoriteit. 12.10.2023. https://www.nza.nl/onderwerpen/stand-van-de-zorg
De E-healthmonitor. 2021-2023. “Plan van aanpak op hoofdlijnen.” RIVM. https://open.overheid.nl/documenten/ronl-d0462ee1-7a94-4b34-b510-c5dbdaa555b6/pdf
EY Barometer Nederlandse Gezondheidszorg. 2023. “Resultaten 2023: Nederlandse zorgsector in zeer zwaar weer beland.” https://www.ey.com/nl_nl/health/ey-barometer-nederlandse-gezondheidszorg
Het Integraal Zorgakkoord - samenwerken aan gezonde zorg, Het Integraal Zorgakkoord - samenwerken aan gezonde zorg
Kiezen voor houdbare zorg. Mensen, middelen en maatschappelijk draagvlak. WRR. 15-09-2021. https://www.wrr.nl/publicaties/rapporten/2021/09/15/kiezen-voor-houdbare-zorg
https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/onderwerpen/prinsjesdag/zorg-en-gezondheid
https: //vng.nl/nieuws/uitvoering-integraal-zorgakkoord-iza-onder-druk
To what extent does current health policy hinder or facilitate equitable access to high-quality healthcare?
10
9
9
Health policies are fully aligned with the goal of achieving equitable access to high-quality healthcare.
8
7
6
7
6
Health policies are largely aligned with the goal of achieving equitable access to high-quality healthcare.
5
4
3
4
3
Health policies are only somewhat aligned with the goal of achieving equitable access to high-quality healthcare.
2
1
1
Health policies are not at all aligned with the goal of achieving equitable access to high-quality healthcare.
The Netherlands, often lauded for its exemplary healthcare system, is currently facing growing health disparities and accessibility problems. The Council for Public Health and Society (RVS) has warned that the existing pressure on healthcare is causing bottlenecks in access. These are evident in difficulties finding a general practitioner, prolonged waits for home assistance for elderly individuals, and extended waiting times in mental health and hospital care. A notable concern is that a significant number of insurance doctors wish to quit their jobs at the Employee Insurance Agency (UWV) due to an extensive backlog, causing delays of up to a year in the granting of benefits. Additionally, shortages of general practitioners and medical personnel at all levels are exacerbating the challenges.
In a recent advisory report, the RVS emphasized the steady deterioration of healthcare accessibility. General practitioners are rejecting new patients, emergency hospital departments are temporarily closing and waiting times for mental health services are escalating, all contributing to the overarching problem. The healthcare sector’s fragmentation and complexity hinder effective care, prompting calls for reduced competition and improved cooperation, especially with regard to district nursing, acute care and mental health services.
In response to increasing demand, the basic insurance premium is set to rise by approximately €12 per month in 2024, resulting in an average monthly health insurance premium of €149 per person. Alarmingly, health disparities between affluent and less affluent individuals in the Netherlands are widening. The RVS urges a shift toward prioritizing health impacts in all government policies, focusing on preventive measures rather than reactive responses to illness. To address these pressing issues, the national government and the healthcare sector have been called upon to better inform citizens about the growing scarcity of care and the changes necessary to maintain accessibility and affordability.
Among general practitioner care, there has been a slight increase in the number of people seeking care mediation, varying by region. This may potentially ad pressure on GPs. Hospital care shows mixed trends, with urgent care maintaining levels similar to 2019, but ICU-dependent plannable care slightly below that benchmark. Waiting times, which saw a slight decrease after the summer, now appear to be stagnating nationally. This highlights the need for transparency in regional care capacity and insight into waiting lists. Long-term care is grappling with a persistent increase in waiting lists, prompting ongoing exploration with relevant parties to understand and address the issue to maintain care accessibility. The overall trend indicates a growing number of people waiting for long-term care services.
Citations:
De staat van de zorg. 2023. Nederlandse zorgautoriteit. 12.10.2023. https://www.nza.nl/onderwerpen/stand-van-de-zorg
De E-healthmonitor. 2021-2023. “Plan van aanpak op hoofdlijnen.” RIVM. https://open.overheid.nl/documenten/ronl-d0462ee1-7a94-4b34-b510-c5dbdaa555b6/pdf
EY Barometer Nederlandse Gezondheidszorg. 2023. “Resultaten 2023: Nederlandse zorgsector in zeer zwaar weer beland.” https://www.ey.com/nl_nl/health/ey-barometer-nederlandse-gezondheidszorg
Het Integraal Zorgakkoord - samenwerken aan gezonde zorg, Het Integraal Zorgakkoord - samenwerken aan gezonde zorg
Kiezen voor houdbare zorg. Mensen, middelen en maatschappelijk draagvlak, WRR. 2021. https://www.wrr.nl/publicaties/rapporten/2021/09/15/kiezen-voor-houdbare-zorg
https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/onderwerpen/prinsjesdag/zorg-en-gezondheid
https://vng.nl/nieuws/uitvoering-integraal-zorgakkoord-iza-onder-druk
In a recent advisory report, the RVS emphasized the steady deterioration of healthcare accessibility. General practitioners are rejecting new patients, emergency hospital departments are temporarily closing and waiting times for mental health services are escalating, all contributing to the overarching problem. The healthcare sector’s fragmentation and complexity hinder effective care, prompting calls for reduced competition and improved cooperation, especially with regard to district nursing, acute care and mental health services.
In response to increasing demand, the basic insurance premium is set to rise by approximately €12 per month in 2024, resulting in an average monthly health insurance premium of €149 per person. Alarmingly, health disparities between affluent and less affluent individuals in the Netherlands are widening. The RVS urges a shift toward prioritizing health impacts in all government policies, focusing on preventive measures rather than reactive responses to illness. To address these pressing issues, the national government and the healthcare sector have been called upon to better inform citizens about the growing scarcity of care and the changes necessary to maintain accessibility and affordability.
Among general practitioner care, there has been a slight increase in the number of people seeking care mediation, varying by region. This may potentially ad pressure on GPs. Hospital care shows mixed trends, with urgent care maintaining levels similar to 2019, but ICU-dependent plannable care slightly below that benchmark. Waiting times, which saw a slight decrease after the summer, now appear to be stagnating nationally. This highlights the need for transparency in regional care capacity and insight into waiting lists. Long-term care is grappling with a persistent increase in waiting lists, prompting ongoing exploration with relevant parties to understand and address the issue to maintain care accessibility. The overall trend indicates a growing number of people waiting for long-term care services.
Citations:
De staat van de zorg. 2023. Nederlandse zorgautoriteit. 12.10.2023. https://www.nza.nl/onderwerpen/stand-van-de-zorg
De E-healthmonitor. 2021-2023. “Plan van aanpak op hoofdlijnen.” RIVM. https://open.overheid.nl/documenten/ronl-d0462ee1-7a94-4b34-b510-c5dbdaa555b6/pdf
EY Barometer Nederlandse Gezondheidszorg. 2023. “Resultaten 2023: Nederlandse zorgsector in zeer zwaar weer beland.” https://www.ey.com/nl_nl/health/ey-barometer-nederlandse-gezondheidszorg
Het Integraal Zorgakkoord - samenwerken aan gezonde zorg, Het Integraal Zorgakkoord - samenwerken aan gezonde zorg
Kiezen voor houdbare zorg. Mensen, middelen en maatschappelijk draagvlak, WRR. 2021. https://www.wrr.nl/publicaties/rapporten/2021/09/15/kiezen-voor-houdbare-zorg
https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/onderwerpen/prinsjesdag/zorg-en-gezondheid
https://vng.nl/nieuws/uitvoering-integraal-zorgakkoord-iza-onder-druk
Graph View
How committed is the government to ensuring gender equality in all respects?
10
9
9
The government is clearly committed to the goal of ensuring gender equality.
8
7
6
7
6
The government is largely committed to the goal of ensuring gender equality.
5
4
3
4
3
The government is only somewhat committed to the goal of ensuring gender equality.
2
1
1
The government is not at all committed to the goal of ensuring gender equality.
Dutch gender policies currently focus on the gender pay gap, violence against women and sexual harassment at work. These measures aim to increase labor market participation rates, address imbalances in unpaid labor, and ensure safety in organizational and public spaces.
Despite these initiatives, the Global Gender Gap Index consistently ranks the Netherlands at 28th place, behind countries including Belgium, Germany and the United Kingdom. Emancipation policies, once effective, have slowed in progress. A significant number of women hold part-time jobs (77.7%), and women are underrepresented in top managerial positions (13.7% in companies and 38% among supervisory board members at listed companies). The gender pay gap, highlighted by CBS’s Wage Gap Monitor for 2022, remains pronounced, particularly in the business sector.
Discussions on women’s representation in top organizational positions have led to government interventions, such as quotas for market-listed companies. Contrary to international trends, the Netherlands experiences less outflow of female managers, challenging the notion that this is a cause for underrepresentation. The persistence of part-time work for women, even as children grow older, reflects societal norms and expectations. Research by the Netherlands Institute of Social Research (SCP) reveals challenges in breaking away from this norm, impacting women at all life stages.
Female journalists face workplace challenges, with eight in 10 reporting intimidation or aggression, according to a Persveilig poll. Recent scandals about sexual harassment at television broadcasting organizations and educational institutions prompted the minister of education to propose a new national program and creation of a legal duty of care, emphasizing a commitment to a secure learning and working environment.
Rates of partner violence remain concerning, with women more often becoming victims than men. A gender-sensitive approach is crucial, and most municipalities recognize the value of such policies. Organizations like Sterk Huis and Fier have reported an increase in support requests from Syrian girls and women, linked to the growing independence of women in this community. Safety concerns also extend to the LGBTQ+ community, despite their achieving equal positions in work and housing, necessitating continued awareness and advocacy.
The government’s response includes the National Action Program on Sexual Transgressive Behavior and Sexual Violence, set to take effect in 2024. Justice and Security Minister Dilan Yeºilgöz sent the Sexual Offenses Act to the House of Representatives on 11 October 2022, aligning rape laws with international human rights standards. However, in 2023, the parliament failed to reach a majority in favor of removing abortion from the criminal law statutes, leaving Dutch abortion policy vulnerable to conservative backlash.
Citations:
Nieuwsbrief Regeringsnieuws - Van Gennip: loonkloof tussen mannen en vrouwen sneller dichten, https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/actueel/nieuwsbrieven/regeringsnieuws/2023/190
Vlek, M., A. Merens, and R. Reichling. 2023. Is Everyone Participating?! Perspectives on ‘Valuable’ Participation. The Hague: The Netherlands Institute for Social Research.
Rondvraag: groot deel vrouwelijke journalisten ervaart intimidatie, NOS Nieuws, donderdag 1 december 2022, 18:22, Aangepast donderdag 1 december 2022, 20:21
Nog onvoldoende politieke steun voor schrappen abortus uit strafrecht. 2023. NOS Nieuws, May 24.
Global Gender Gap Index 2023: Emancipatie van vrouwen in Nederland stagneert
“`
https://www.uva.nl/content/nieuws/persberichten/2023/06/global-gender-gap-index-2023-emancipatie-van-vrouwen-in-nederland-stagneert.html
Migrantenvrouwen die slachtoffer zijn van huiselijk geweld komen niet terecht bij juiste instanties,
https://pointer.kro-ncrv.nl/migrantenvrouwen-die-slachtoffer-zijn-van-huiselijk-geweld-komen-niet-terecht-bij-juiste-instanties, 12-06-2023
Loonverschil tussen mannen en vrouwen in 2022 iets afgenomen, CBS, 7-12-2023 00:00, https://www.cbs.nl/nl-nl/nieuws/2023/49/loonverschil-tussen-mannen-en-vrouwen-in-2022-iets-afgenomen
Bouma, Suzanne, and Gregor Walz. 2023. “Gendersensitief beleid door gemeenten in de aanpak van partnergeweld.” College van de rechten van de mens, September.
Merens, Ans. 2022. Een lange weg: De ondervertegenwoordiging van vrouwen in management en top nader verklaard. Den Haag: Sociaal Cultureel Plabureau.
Deeltijdcultuur en -structuur belemmert vrouwen meer te gaan werken, Nieuwsberichg SCP, 8-09-2022 | 00:01
Bijna de helft van biseksuele vrouwen slachtoffer van seksueel geweld of intimidatie, Nieuwsbericht SCP, 05-07-2022 | 00:01
Despite these initiatives, the Global Gender Gap Index consistently ranks the Netherlands at 28th place, behind countries including Belgium, Germany and the United Kingdom. Emancipation policies, once effective, have slowed in progress. A significant number of women hold part-time jobs (77.7%), and women are underrepresented in top managerial positions (13.7% in companies and 38% among supervisory board members at listed companies). The gender pay gap, highlighted by CBS’s Wage Gap Monitor for 2022, remains pronounced, particularly in the business sector.
Discussions on women’s representation in top organizational positions have led to government interventions, such as quotas for market-listed companies. Contrary to international trends, the Netherlands experiences less outflow of female managers, challenging the notion that this is a cause for underrepresentation. The persistence of part-time work for women, even as children grow older, reflects societal norms and expectations. Research by the Netherlands Institute of Social Research (SCP) reveals challenges in breaking away from this norm, impacting women at all life stages.
Female journalists face workplace challenges, with eight in 10 reporting intimidation or aggression, according to a Persveilig poll. Recent scandals about sexual harassment at television broadcasting organizations and educational institutions prompted the minister of education to propose a new national program and creation of a legal duty of care, emphasizing a commitment to a secure learning and working environment.
Rates of partner violence remain concerning, with women more often becoming victims than men. A gender-sensitive approach is crucial, and most municipalities recognize the value of such policies. Organizations like Sterk Huis and Fier have reported an increase in support requests from Syrian girls and women, linked to the growing independence of women in this community. Safety concerns also extend to the LGBTQ+ community, despite their achieving equal positions in work and housing, necessitating continued awareness and advocacy.
The government’s response includes the National Action Program on Sexual Transgressive Behavior and Sexual Violence, set to take effect in 2024. Justice and Security Minister Dilan Yeºilgöz sent the Sexual Offenses Act to the House of Representatives on 11 October 2022, aligning rape laws with international human rights standards. However, in 2023, the parliament failed to reach a majority in favor of removing abortion from the criminal law statutes, leaving Dutch abortion policy vulnerable to conservative backlash.
Citations:
Nieuwsbrief Regeringsnieuws - Van Gennip: loonkloof tussen mannen en vrouwen sneller dichten, https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/actueel/nieuwsbrieven/regeringsnieuws/2023/190
Vlek, M., A. Merens, and R. Reichling. 2023. Is Everyone Participating?! Perspectives on ‘Valuable’ Participation. The Hague: The Netherlands Institute for Social Research.
Rondvraag: groot deel vrouwelijke journalisten ervaart intimidatie, NOS Nieuws, donderdag 1 december 2022, 18:22, Aangepast donderdag 1 december 2022, 20:21
Nog onvoldoende politieke steun voor schrappen abortus uit strafrecht. 2023. NOS Nieuws, May 24.
Global Gender Gap Index 2023: Emancipatie van vrouwen in Nederland stagneert
“`
https://www.uva.nl/content/nieuws/persberichten/2023/06/global-gender-gap-index-2023-emancipatie-van-vrouwen-in-nederland-stagneert.html
Migrantenvrouwen die slachtoffer zijn van huiselijk geweld komen niet terecht bij juiste instanties,
https://pointer.kro-ncrv.nl/migrantenvrouwen-die-slachtoffer-zijn-van-huiselijk-geweld-komen-niet-terecht-bij-juiste-instanties, 12-06-2023
Loonverschil tussen mannen en vrouwen in 2022 iets afgenomen, CBS, 7-12-2023 00:00, https://www.cbs.nl/nl-nl/nieuws/2023/49/loonverschil-tussen-mannen-en-vrouwen-in-2022-iets-afgenomen
Bouma, Suzanne, and Gregor Walz. 2023. “Gendersensitief beleid door gemeenten in de aanpak van partnergeweld.” College van de rechten van de mens, September.
Merens, Ans. 2022. Een lange weg: De ondervertegenwoordiging van vrouwen in management en top nader verklaard. Den Haag: Sociaal Cultureel Plabureau.
Deeltijdcultuur en -structuur belemmert vrouwen meer te gaan werken, Nieuwsberichg SCP, 8-09-2022 | 00:01
Bijna de helft van biseksuele vrouwen slachtoffer van seksueel geweld of intimidatie, Nieuwsbericht SCP, 05-07-2022 | 00:01
Graph View
To what extent does the current family policy approach support or hinder unpaid family care work?
10
9
9
Family policies are fully aligned with the goal of creating the conditions for strong families.
8
7
6
7
6
Family policies are largely aligned with the goal of creating the conditions for strong families.
5
4
3
4
3
Family policies are only somewhat aligned with the goal of creating the conditions for strong families.
2
1
1
Family policies are not at all aligned with the goal of creating family-friendly conditions.
The fallout from the child benefit scandal has significantly impacted family policy. Despite assurances of priority assistance for those in challenging situations, an October 2013 report by the Tax, Benefits and Customs Inspectorate reveals escalating damage to affected parents and young individuals.
Efforts to combat domestic violence, often tied to economic self-sufficiency, have been criticized for their narrow focus, neglecting crucial social and cultural patterns. The Trimbos Institute reports that more than one-quarter of children living at home have parents suffering from mental illness or alcohol or drug addiction, making these children two to four times more likely than their peers to develop mental health issues.
The country has seen a sharp decline in its international ranking for child rights compliance, dropping from fourth to 20th place in the latest KidsRights index. Poor scores in the categories of “health” and “favorable climate for children’s rights” are attributed to the decentralization of youth care in 2015, which has resulted in unpredictable protection levels among municipalities.
In response, the government introduced the Child and Family Protection Future Scenario, aiming for a simplified, system-oriented approach covering youth protection and the entire care process. Challenges persist, including issues of child poverty and inadequate conditions in asylum-seekers’ centers. The free school breakfast program, which has been criticized as a short-term solution, reflects a lack of structural planning.
In the area of social assistance benefits, the municipality of Utrecht has defied the Participation Act by implementing policies making it easier for young individuals to apply, turning a trial program into a permanent policy against The Hague’s wishes.
Positive statistics show that most children outgrow the effects of parental poverty after 25 years, but disparities based on migrant descent persist. Changes to paid parental leave in 2022 allow both mothers and fathers to receive payment for nine weeks. Plans to make childcare almost free face delays until 2027, raising concerns about affordability and the impact on labor force participation, especially for mothers.
Despite partial tax refunds, childcare and after-school care remain expensive, affecting mothers’ workforce participation rates and causing delays in entering school for children in vulnerable families. Alternative, more affordable care options like host parent care are being considered, with debate on their effectiveness for the development of children within the target group.
To alleviate poverty, municipalities have implemented measures like child packages covering school supplies, magazine subscriptions and sports memberships. During the COVID-19 crisis, such packages helped provide children with essential tools for remote learning.
According to “Staat van het gezin” research, the Netherlands is perceived as being not particularly family-friendly. Parents appreciate well-established programs such as maternity care and youth healthcare, but express concerns about childcare, school hours, leave arrangements, mental health support and parenting support. Childcare, now ranking first among parental concerns, is cited for its high price and turmoil due to staff shortages. Leave arrangements, despite improvements, remain an issue, with the 70% financial allowance considered as being too low, especially for low-income parents.
Citations:
Ven, Liam v/d. 2023. “Utrecht maakt bijstand voor jongeren definitief toegankelijker tegen Participatiewet in, kabinet stribbelt niet tegen.” NRC, April 11.
Vos, S. 2024. “Gevaarlijke aannames in beleidsopvattingen partnergeweld.” Binnenlands Bestuur, January 3.
Wafa Al Ali. 2022. “Gemeenten zijn veel te veel geld kwijt aan het helpen van jongeren.” NRC, December 7.
Georganiseerde onmacht: Over de rol van de rijksoverheid bij de jeugdbescherming, Algemene Rekenkamer, 13-04-2023
Gratis kinderopvang wordt twee jaar uitgesteld, kabinet bezuinigt voor het eerst in jaren, NOS Nieuws, woensdag 26 april 2023, 13:54, Aangepast woensdag 26 april 2023, 18:02
Efforts to combat domestic violence, often tied to economic self-sufficiency, have been criticized for their narrow focus, neglecting crucial social and cultural patterns. The Trimbos Institute reports that more than one-quarter of children living at home have parents suffering from mental illness or alcohol or drug addiction, making these children two to four times more likely than their peers to develop mental health issues.
The country has seen a sharp decline in its international ranking for child rights compliance, dropping from fourth to 20th place in the latest KidsRights index. Poor scores in the categories of “health” and “favorable climate for children’s rights” are attributed to the decentralization of youth care in 2015, which has resulted in unpredictable protection levels among municipalities.
In response, the government introduced the Child and Family Protection Future Scenario, aiming for a simplified, system-oriented approach covering youth protection and the entire care process. Challenges persist, including issues of child poverty and inadequate conditions in asylum-seekers’ centers. The free school breakfast program, which has been criticized as a short-term solution, reflects a lack of structural planning.
In the area of social assistance benefits, the municipality of Utrecht has defied the Participation Act by implementing policies making it easier for young individuals to apply, turning a trial program into a permanent policy against The Hague’s wishes.
Positive statistics show that most children outgrow the effects of parental poverty after 25 years, but disparities based on migrant descent persist. Changes to paid parental leave in 2022 allow both mothers and fathers to receive payment for nine weeks. Plans to make childcare almost free face delays until 2027, raising concerns about affordability and the impact on labor force participation, especially for mothers.
Despite partial tax refunds, childcare and after-school care remain expensive, affecting mothers’ workforce participation rates and causing delays in entering school for children in vulnerable families. Alternative, more affordable care options like host parent care are being considered, with debate on their effectiveness for the development of children within the target group.
To alleviate poverty, municipalities have implemented measures like child packages covering school supplies, magazine subscriptions and sports memberships. During the COVID-19 crisis, such packages helped provide children with essential tools for remote learning.
According to “Staat van het gezin” research, the Netherlands is perceived as being not particularly family-friendly. Parents appreciate well-established programs such as maternity care and youth healthcare, but express concerns about childcare, school hours, leave arrangements, mental health support and parenting support. Childcare, now ranking first among parental concerns, is cited for its high price and turmoil due to staff shortages. Leave arrangements, despite improvements, remain an issue, with the 70% financial allowance considered as being too low, especially for low-income parents.
Citations:
Ven, Liam v/d. 2023. “Utrecht maakt bijstand voor jongeren definitief toegankelijker tegen Participatiewet in, kabinet stribbelt niet tegen.” NRC, April 11.
Vos, S. 2024. “Gevaarlijke aannames in beleidsopvattingen partnergeweld.” Binnenlands Bestuur, January 3.
Wafa Al Ali. 2022. “Gemeenten zijn veel te veel geld kwijt aan het helpen van jongeren.” NRC, December 7.
Georganiseerde onmacht: Over de rol van de rijksoverheid bij de jeugdbescherming, Algemene Rekenkamer, 13-04-2023
Gratis kinderopvang wordt twee jaar uitgesteld, kabinet bezuinigt voor het eerst in jaren, NOS Nieuws, woensdag 26 april 2023, 13:54, Aangepast woensdag 26 april 2023, 18:02
Graph View
To what extent does the current pension policy approach prevent poverty among senior citizens?
10
9
9
Pension policies are fully aligned with the goal of preventing old-age poverty.
8
7
6
7
6
Pension policies are largely aligned with the goal of preventing old-age poverty.
5
4
3
4
3
Pension policies are only somewhat aligned with the goal of preventing old-age poverty.
2
1
1
Pension policies are not at all aligned with the goal of preventing old-age poverty.
In 2022 and 2023, after more than 100 hours of technical debates and an unusual roll-call vote, the Dutch parliament approved a historic transition in the national pension system. The shift moves from a collectivist system of defined, guaranteed benefits to a more individualized system of well-defined arrangements for pension contributions with less certain but potentially higher personal benefits. This change requires the government and pension funds to undertake the unprecedented task of converting the collective pension pot of €1.4 trillion into millions of individual pots. The law has three goals: creating a supplementary pension that increases more quickly, securing a clearer and more personalized pension accrual function, and creating a system that better reflects a modern employment landscape in which people no longer work for the same employer for 40 years. The pension reform aims to make the system more sustainable for the future.
Will the new system prevent more old-age poverty? In the long run, perhaps; in the short run, this is not likely. For individuals in nonstandard employment and those with interrupted employment histories, the new system is an improvement, but its impacts will become evident only over the long term (more than 20 years). Currently, and under the new system, the self-employed are not mandatorily covered by the earnings-related scheme. According to a 2017 CBS survey, many self-employed individuals cannot afford private compensatory arrangements.
In the Netherlands, among adults aged 65 to 80, 2% to 3% live below the poverty line. This figure rises to 4% to 6% among the elderly aged 80 to 89, and more than one in 10 (11%) of those over 90 are poor. Although the income position of those over 65 is good on average, poverty is common among older people who have not accrued full state pension entitlements. This situation can arise if they were abroad for a period or came to the country later in life as migrants. Additionally, older people with high healthcare costs that leave them without enough money for basic needs experience poverty. They can apply for a means-tested social municipal arrangement to bring their income to the legally guaranteed minimum level. However, for various reasons, not everyone eligible for this arrangement utilizes it.
The most disadvantaged group remains older people with a migrant background. Among pensioners with a migration background, 6% live below the poverty line, compared to only 2.5% among retired native Dutch people. Pensioners with a migration background lag behind on several fronts: they have lower accrual of state pension rights, less supplementary pension provision and lower rates of homeownership. Frequently, they are reluctant to use the supplementary income provision because it does not allow them to own property in their countries of origin, or to freely travel between the Netherlands and their home countries.
Citations:
Eerste Kamer. 2023. “Eerste Kamer stemt in met pensioenwet.” eerstekamer.nl, consulted January 14, 2024
Rijksoverheid. 2023. “Wet toekomst pensioenen aangenomen. Overgang naar nieuw pensioenstelsel start op 1 juli 2023.” rijksoverheid.nl.
NRC. 2022. “Een miljardenoperatie met de pensioenen - waar is dat voor nodig?” NRC Pelgrim March 30.
FTM, Rouffaer. 2023. “Nieuwe pensioenwet opent de weg naar juridisch wapengekletter.” 7 January.
OECD. 2023. Pensions at a Glance. The Netherlands.
de Kater, Binnenlands Bestuur. 2019. “Aantal Armen Neemt Af, Wel Uitschieters, Gebaseerd op SCP.” 3 Sep.
NIDI, Lössbroek, and Fokertsma. 2022. “Waar komt armoede onder gepensioneerde migranten vandaan?” December 9.
Will the new system prevent more old-age poverty? In the long run, perhaps; in the short run, this is not likely. For individuals in nonstandard employment and those with interrupted employment histories, the new system is an improvement, but its impacts will become evident only over the long term (more than 20 years). Currently, and under the new system, the self-employed are not mandatorily covered by the earnings-related scheme. According to a 2017 CBS survey, many self-employed individuals cannot afford private compensatory arrangements.
In the Netherlands, among adults aged 65 to 80, 2% to 3% live below the poverty line. This figure rises to 4% to 6% among the elderly aged 80 to 89, and more than one in 10 (11%) of those over 90 are poor. Although the income position of those over 65 is good on average, poverty is common among older people who have not accrued full state pension entitlements. This situation can arise if they were abroad for a period or came to the country later in life as migrants. Additionally, older people with high healthcare costs that leave them without enough money for basic needs experience poverty. They can apply for a means-tested social municipal arrangement to bring their income to the legally guaranteed minimum level. However, for various reasons, not everyone eligible for this arrangement utilizes it.
The most disadvantaged group remains older people with a migrant background. Among pensioners with a migration background, 6% live below the poverty line, compared to only 2.5% among retired native Dutch people. Pensioners with a migration background lag behind on several fronts: they have lower accrual of state pension rights, less supplementary pension provision and lower rates of homeownership. Frequently, they are reluctant to use the supplementary income provision because it does not allow them to own property in their countries of origin, or to freely travel between the Netherlands and their home countries.
Citations:
Eerste Kamer. 2023. “Eerste Kamer stemt in met pensioenwet.” eerstekamer.nl, consulted January 14, 2024
Rijksoverheid. 2023. “Wet toekomst pensioenen aangenomen. Overgang naar nieuw pensioenstelsel start op 1 juli 2023.” rijksoverheid.nl.
NRC. 2022. “Een miljardenoperatie met de pensioenen - waar is dat voor nodig?” NRC Pelgrim March 30.
FTM, Rouffaer. 2023. “Nieuwe pensioenwet opent de weg naar juridisch wapengekletter.” 7 January.
OECD. 2023. Pensions at a Glance. The Netherlands.
de Kater, Binnenlands Bestuur. 2019. “Aantal Armen Neemt Af, Wel Uitschieters, Gebaseerd op SCP.” 3 Sep.
NIDI, Lössbroek, and Fokertsma. 2022. “Waar komt armoede onder gepensioneerde migranten vandaan?” December 9.
To what extent does the current pension policy approach hinder or promote intergenerational equity?
10
9
9
Pension policies are fully aligned with the goal of achieving intergenerational equity.
8
7
6
7
6
Pension policies are largely aligned with the goal of achieving intergenerational equity.
5
4
3
4
3
Pension policies are only somewhat aligned with the goal of achieving intergenerational equity.
2
1
1
Pension policies are not at all aligned with the goal of achieving intergenerational equity.
The recent pension reform (see “Policies Aimed at Old-Age Poverty Prevention”) explicitly aims to improve intergenerational equity. In the current system, both young and old workers are promised the same amount of future benefits for every euro they contribute. However, a young person’s contribution is worth more because it can accrue interest over a longer period. This effectively creates an implicit subsidy from younger to older workers. This subsidy isn’t problematic as long as most employees remain with the same employer throughout their careers; during the first half of their career, they receive less pension accrual, which is rectified in the second half. Problems arise if employees leave the pension fund halfway through, such as when they become self-employed. In such cases, they are not compensated for the years when they received less pension entitlement.
Predicting whether the new system will incentivize people to work longer, exit the workforce as they see fit, or if it will accommodate those with diminishing work capacity is challenging. It seems reasonable to expect that individuals may choose to work longer if their individualized pension benefits are insufficient, and to retire early if their benefits are adequate to allow for early retirement.
The more individualized nature of the new system does not guarantee adequate future pension income. Pension benefits will become more dependent on international and macroeconomic fluctuations. While nudging theory offers some hope, it does not guarantee that younger people will start behaving more responsibly about pension planning.
Citations:
Rijksoverheid. 2023. “Wet toekomst pensioenen aangenomen. Overgang naar nieuw pensioenstelsel start op 1 juli 2023.” rijksoverheid.nl
Predicting whether the new system will incentivize people to work longer, exit the workforce as they see fit, or if it will accommodate those with diminishing work capacity is challenging. It seems reasonable to expect that individuals may choose to work longer if their individualized pension benefits are insufficient, and to retire early if their benefits are adequate to allow for early retirement.
The more individualized nature of the new system does not guarantee adequate future pension income. Pension benefits will become more dependent on international and macroeconomic fluctuations. While nudging theory offers some hope, it does not guarantee that younger people will start behaving more responsibly about pension planning.
Citations:
Rijksoverheid. 2023. “Wet toekomst pensioenen aangenomen. Overgang naar nieuw pensioenstelsel start op 1 juli 2023.” rijksoverheid.nl
Graph View
To what extent does the current policy approach hinder or facilitate the inclusion of migrants into society and the labor market?
10
9
9
Integration policies are fully aligned with achieving the sustainable inclusion of migrants in society.
8
7
6
7
6
Integration policies are largely aligned with achieving the sustainable inclusion of migrants in society.
5
4
3
4
3
Integration policies are only somewhat aligned with achieving the sustainable inclusion of migrants in society.
2
1
1
Integration policies are not at all aligned with achieving the sustainable inclusion of migrants in society.
Immigration to the Netherlands has seen significant increases, with 221,000 people settling in 2022 and an additional 140,000 in the preceding year. Politicians, particularly concerned about asylum-seekers, have amplified negative public perceptions of migration.
However, the actual growth has been driven largely by migrant workers and foreign students. Migrant workers play crucial roles in sectors where Dutch workers are reluctant to be employed, such as construction, agriculture, catering, cleaning, distribution and packaging. Such individuals fill hundreds of thousands of vacancies, and have become indispensable to employers.
The arrival of Ukrainian refugees marked a pivotal moment, causing a ripple effect in the migrant chain. They were granted immediate work rights, prompting a lawsuit that eventually allowed all refugees to work for more than 24 weeks per year. The housing shortage led to overcrowded, underfunded and understaffed migrant reception centers, notably in Ter Apel. This situation has contributed to the political framing of asylum-seekers as a threat to the country. During the fall and winter 2023, many municipalities called for a reduction in pressure on their formal reception centers. In response, the government drafted a bill for the forced distribution of asylum-seekers across municipalities nationwide.
Findings from the Court of Audit in 2023 underscored the persistent issue of insufficient budget allocations for asylum-seeker reception, highlighting the need for systemic adjustments. The new integration law introduced both opportunities and challenges, revealing disparities in implementation among municipalities.
As highlighted by the State Commission Against Discrimination and Racism, discrimination and racism persist in the Netherlands, affecting various sectors. Addressing institutional discrimination will require a systemic response. Concerns about discriminatory practices against students with a migration background have also been raised within the legal sector.
Workplace discrimination remains a challenge, with one in 10 workers reporting discrimination in the previous 12 months based on origin, skin color or nationality. Such discrimination impacts well-being and professional experiences.
Internal EU migration to the Netherlands has increased, with higher-educated knowledge migrants from outside the EU contributing significantly to the workforce. To combat abuse of labor migration, the government has implemented measures such as the WorkinNL website and laws regulating housing contracts for labor migrants. However, these regulations are often ignored and inadequately enforced in practice.
The education sector has witnessed a quadrupling of international students, sparking debates about reducing the frequency of English-language instruction at higher education levels.
Citations:
Cohortonderzoek asielzoekers en statushouders. 2023. Asiel en integratie. CBS.
Daan van Acht. 2023. “Asielzoeker mag per direct hele jaar werken, besluit kabinet na rechterlijke uitspraak.” De Volkskrant, November 29.
Dossier opvangcapaciteit, https://www.coa.nl/nl/dossier/opvangcapaciteit-dossier
Tweede Kamer stemt voor wens om spreidingswet voorlopig uit te stellen. NOS Nieuws, donderdag 14 december, 18:04.
Seksueel geweld: blinde vlek in de asielprocedure? Een medische en juridische analyse van de rechtspositie van slachtoffers van seksueel geweld in de asieprocedure getoets aan international mensenrechten standaarden, Amnesty International, maart 2023
Discriminatie op de arbeidsmarkt neemt alleen maar toe, Universiteit van Amsterdam, 11 april 2023
However, the actual growth has been driven largely by migrant workers and foreign students. Migrant workers play crucial roles in sectors where Dutch workers are reluctant to be employed, such as construction, agriculture, catering, cleaning, distribution and packaging. Such individuals fill hundreds of thousands of vacancies, and have become indispensable to employers.
The arrival of Ukrainian refugees marked a pivotal moment, causing a ripple effect in the migrant chain. They were granted immediate work rights, prompting a lawsuit that eventually allowed all refugees to work for more than 24 weeks per year. The housing shortage led to overcrowded, underfunded and understaffed migrant reception centers, notably in Ter Apel. This situation has contributed to the political framing of asylum-seekers as a threat to the country. During the fall and winter 2023, many municipalities called for a reduction in pressure on their formal reception centers. In response, the government drafted a bill for the forced distribution of asylum-seekers across municipalities nationwide.
Findings from the Court of Audit in 2023 underscored the persistent issue of insufficient budget allocations for asylum-seeker reception, highlighting the need for systemic adjustments. The new integration law introduced both opportunities and challenges, revealing disparities in implementation among municipalities.
As highlighted by the State Commission Against Discrimination and Racism, discrimination and racism persist in the Netherlands, affecting various sectors. Addressing institutional discrimination will require a systemic response. Concerns about discriminatory practices against students with a migration background have also been raised within the legal sector.
Workplace discrimination remains a challenge, with one in 10 workers reporting discrimination in the previous 12 months based on origin, skin color or nationality. Such discrimination impacts well-being and professional experiences.
Internal EU migration to the Netherlands has increased, with higher-educated knowledge migrants from outside the EU contributing significantly to the workforce. To combat abuse of labor migration, the government has implemented measures such as the WorkinNL website and laws regulating housing contracts for labor migrants. However, these regulations are often ignored and inadequately enforced in practice.
The education sector has witnessed a quadrupling of international students, sparking debates about reducing the frequency of English-language instruction at higher education levels.
Citations:
Cohortonderzoek asielzoekers en statushouders. 2023. Asiel en integratie. CBS.
Daan van Acht. 2023. “Asielzoeker mag per direct hele jaar werken, besluit kabinet na rechterlijke uitspraak.” De Volkskrant, November 29.
Dossier opvangcapaciteit, https://www.coa.nl/nl/dossier/opvangcapaciteit-dossier
Tweede Kamer stemt voor wens om spreidingswet voorlopig uit te stellen. NOS Nieuws, donderdag 14 december, 18:04.
Seksueel geweld: blinde vlek in de asielprocedure? Een medische en juridische analyse van de rechtspositie van slachtoffers van seksueel geweld in de asieprocedure getoets aan international mensenrechten standaarden, Amnesty International, maart 2023
Discriminatie op de arbeidsmarkt neemt alleen maar toe, Universiteit van Amsterdam, 11 april 2023
Graph View
How committed is the government to helping build the capacity to reduce poverty and provide social protection in low- and middle-income countries?
10
9
9
The government’s development cooperation strategy is fully aligned with the goal of improving capacity-building for poverty reduction in low- and middle-income countries.
8
7
6
7
6
The government’s development cooperation strategy is largely aligned with the goal of improving capacity-building for poverty reduction in low- and middle-income countries.
5
4
3
4
3
The government’s development cooperation strategy is only somewhat aligned with the goal of improving capacity-building in poverty reduction in low- and middle-income countries.
2
1
1
The government’s development cooperation strategy is not all aligned with the goal of improving capacity-building for poverty reduction in low- and middle-income countries.
Until around 2010, Dutch development aid primarily focused on poverty reduction. However, there has been a significant shift since then toward supporting “global development” and enhancing “global public goods” such as climate adaptation, security issues and global financial stability. This shift implies that direct aid to alleviate poverty and support the poor has taken a backseat. Instead, the focus is now on empowering the middle classes in developing countries to build and maintain the economic and social infrastructure necessary for producing these global public goods. This approach combines trade, aid and public investments where necessary, and private investments where feasible.
In its 2023 white paper titled “The Dutch Africa Strategy,” poverty reduction is only mentioned three times. The most notable mention is in a section titled “Less poverty, more sustainability,” which places poverty reduction alongside food security and social inclusion. According to the policy: “The Netherlands supports a large number of countries in Africa in combating hunger and malnutrition. We focus our assistance on marginalized groups, especially young children and their mothers. We are also committed to sustainably increasing the consumption of healthy diets by the poorest of the poor, including by supporting national social protection programs. In addition, we support programs for small-scale farmers, which strengthen their business practices – including through improved legal security around land (use) – and access to inputs (such as seeds or soil improvers), financing and knowledge.”
Capacity-building initiatives are outsourced to private companies and Dutch knowledge institutes. On this topic, the policy continues: “Dutch companies and knowledge institutions have a lot of expertise in solar energy, wind energy, hydrogen and sustainable mobility. The new policy will capitalize on this better in the coming years. By encouraging Dutch companies to invest in low- and middle-income countries, the Netherlands helps the development of the countries and Dutch companies gain access to promising markets. For example, the government is developing energy partnerships in countries with high potential for hydrogen, so that energy transition is accelerated locally and some of that energy can be exported.”
Policy monitoring and evaluation are entrusted to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Directorate of International Research and Policy Evaluation (IOB).
Citations:
WRR. 2010. “Minder pretentie, meer ambitie.”
Rijksoverheid. 2022. “Nederland verhoogt klimaatsteun aan ontwikkelingslanden.” Nieuwsbericht October 7.
In its 2023 white paper titled “The Dutch Africa Strategy,” poverty reduction is only mentioned three times. The most notable mention is in a section titled “Less poverty, more sustainability,” which places poverty reduction alongside food security and social inclusion. According to the policy: “The Netherlands supports a large number of countries in Africa in combating hunger and malnutrition. We focus our assistance on marginalized groups, especially young children and their mothers. We are also committed to sustainably increasing the consumption of healthy diets by the poorest of the poor, including by supporting national social protection programs. In addition, we support programs for small-scale farmers, which strengthen their business practices – including through improved legal security around land (use) – and access to inputs (such as seeds or soil improvers), financing and knowledge.”
Capacity-building initiatives are outsourced to private companies and Dutch knowledge institutes. On this topic, the policy continues: “Dutch companies and knowledge institutions have a lot of expertise in solar energy, wind energy, hydrogen and sustainable mobility. The new policy will capitalize on this better in the coming years. By encouraging Dutch companies to invest in low- and middle-income countries, the Netherlands helps the development of the countries and Dutch companies gain access to promising markets. For example, the government is developing energy partnerships in countries with high potential for hydrogen, so that energy transition is accelerated locally and some of that energy can be exported.”
Policy monitoring and evaluation are entrusted to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Directorate of International Research and Policy Evaluation (IOB).
Citations:
WRR. 2010. “Minder pretentie, meer ambitie.”
Rijksoverheid. 2022. “Nederland verhoogt klimaatsteun aan ontwikkelingslanden.” Nieuwsbericht October 7.